I. Preface: The i3-9350K with super single-core performance is coming.

Many students have asked this question before: "Why does my GTX 1080 only have more than 100 frames in LOL, while others’ GTX 1060 has more than 300 frames?"

The reason for this problem is that some players pursue graphics cards too much and ignore the influence of CPU on the game frame rate.

Games such as League of Legends, DOTA 2, world of tanks and Crossing the Line of Fire are different from large-scale 3A games. They don’t need very powerful graphics cards, but desperately need the powerful single-core performance of CPU.In a simple sentence: how strong your CPU single-core performance is, how high the frame rate of these games can run!

Ok, back to our test protagonist Core i3-9350K today! The default acceleration frequency of this cost-effective God U can reach 4.6GHz, and it can be easily overclocked to 5.3GHz with a little hands-on ability, which means it can have the strongest single-core performance of mainstream processors at present!

This is the i3-9350K processor we received. Because we received the QS engineering sample version, it is slightly different in appearance from the retail version, and the specific model is not marked.

In terms of parameter specifications, i3-9350K adopts quad-core and four-thread design, with 14nm process technology, basic frequency of 4.0GHz, maximum acceleration frequency of 4.6GHz, full-core frequency of 4.4GHz, and 8MB three-level cache.

Of course, for DIY players, the biggest attraction of i3-9350K lies in its overclocking ability. We will do a detailed overclocking test later.This processor will have great surprises in overclocking potential, temperature and power consumption!

PS: Spoiler here in advance: 9350K overclocked to 5.3GHz can be easily suppressed with only one hundred yuan air-cooled radiator.

Second, overclocking and temperature test: 1.36V can be easily suppressed on a 5.3GHz hundred yuan radiator.

The test platform is as follows:

1. Temperature test

Use AIDA64 FPU program to test the baking machine, and match with player’s cool extreme MaterLiquid 240 water-cooled radiator. The silicone grease is Arctic MX-4, and the room temperature is 28 degrees.

After running in silent frequency for 5 minutes, the core power consumption of AIDA64 FPU, i3-9350K is stable at 58W, the baking machine frequency is stable at 4.4GHz, and the baking machine temperature is only 64 degrees.

2, overclocking test

The overclocking ability of a processor depends on many factors, such as architecture, specifications, physique and so on. For the 9th generation Core, temperature is also an important factor that affects overclocking. i9-9900K can overclock to 5GHz, and i7-9700K without hyperthreading can overclock to 5.1GHz easily. What about the overclocking ability of i3-9350K with only half the core number of i7-9700K?

After debugging, the i3-9350K in our hand can stably reach the frequency of 5.3GHz at a voltage of 1.36V, and it has passed the test of AIDA64 FPU baking machine for 7 minutes.

At the frequency of 5.3GHz, the core power consumption of i3-9350K is only 79 watts, and the temperature is 86 degrees.

According to the power consumption of 79W baking machine, a hundred yuan radiator can be easily suppressed.The reason why the temperature can’t be lowered with 240 water cooling is that the silicone grease used in i3-9350K conducts heat, and the heat can’t be quickly discharged from the interior. At this time, changing the radiator will not have a good effect.

The Ruilong 7 3800X/3700X processor is also in a similar situation. The Die area is too small to export heat quickly, and any radiator has no obvious cooling effect.

3. Power consumption test

The power consumption of standby and baking machine in silent frequency and overclocking environment was tested respectively. The power supply used is extremely cool V850 platinum brand power supply.

The following data is the overall power consumption of the platform.

The power consumption test is carried out in the nuclear display state.

In the silent frequency state, the standby power consumption of the whole machine on the i3-9350K+MXH platform is only 27W, and the power consumption of the whole machine is only 98W when the baking machine is tested with AIDA64 FPU.

Overclocking to 5.3GHz, standby power consumption reached 45W, which was 18 W higher than that of silent frequency. The power consumption of the whole roaster is 132W W.

Third, the theoretical performance test: the strongest single-core performance

1、CPU-Z v1.90

The score of i3-9350K overclocked to 5.3GHz in CPU-Z is 631, which is the highest single-core score we have ever seen in the test.

The multithreading score is 2382.

　

Compared with the silent frequency, the single-thread score of 5.3GHz increased by 86 points, with an increase of 16%; The multi-thread score increased by 362 points, with an increase of 18%.

2、wPrime v2.10

In the performance test of wPrime 32M single thread, it takes 25.4 seconds for 5.3GHz i3-9350K (about 28 seconds for 5GHz 9900K).

In the performance test of wPrime 1024M multithreading, the 5.3GHz i3-9350K took 205 seconds.

After overclocking, the time consumed by the i3-9350K single thread is reduced by 4.1 seconds, which is 16% faster.

Multithreading takes 41.7 seconds less and is nearly 20% faster.

3、FritzChess Benchmark　

The score of 5.3GHz i3-9350K chess is 16254.

After overclocking, the i3-9350K is 2400 points more than the silent frequency, with an increase of 17%.

4、CineBench R15

The single thread score of i3-9350K at 5.3GHz is 230cb, which is much higher than that of i9-9900K at 5GHz, and the score of the latter is 215cb.

The score of multithreading is 875cb, which is already stronger than the flagship i7-7700K of silent seven-generation Core.

In terms of single thread, the overclocked i3-9350K increased by 29 points, with an increase of 14.5%;

Multithreading increased by 140 points, and the improvement rate exceeded 18%.

5、CineBench R20

The score of i3-9350K single thread at 5.3GHz is 553cb；;

The score of multithreading is 2101cb.

Compared with silent frequency, the single-thread score of i3-9350K overclocked to 5.3GHz increased by 72 points, with an increase of 15%.

Multithreading increased by 375 points, with an increase of more than 20%.

6、3DMark

Overclocking to 5.3GHz.

After overclocking, the score of i3-9350K is 1927 points higher than that of silent frequency, and the improvement range is close to 20%.

Generally speaking, the single-thread performance of i3-9350K after overclocking to 5.3GHz has reached the highest level at present, which is about 15% higher than that of silent frequency. The performance of multithreading is improved by nearly 20% after overclocking.

Fourth, the game performance test: achieve the highest frame rate of mainstream e-sports games.

Our test platform uses the colorful Igame GeForce GTX 1660 Advanced OC6G graphics card. In order to minimize the impact of the graphics card on the test, we choose 1920*1080 resolution during the test, and choose "medium" image quality in mainstream single-machine masterpieces.

1. Knife Tower moves itself.

There is no test program for "Knife Tower Walking Chess", and the situation of each game is different, so it is impossible to accurately compare the performance of hardware with its frame rate. Here we just show you the performance of i3-9350K in this game.

Different from Dota 2, Knife Tower Self-moving Chess is a game that consumes a lot of CPU. As can be seen from the above figure, the i3-9350K quad-core overclocked to 5.3GHz is fully occupied, and the CPU utilization rate is 100%, while the GPU utilization rate is only 42%.

During the test, we tried all the image quality options from the lowest to the highest, and different image quality has little effect on the frame rate. This is a game that consumes a lot of CPU and not much GPU.

Many students should have had such an experience. At the beginning of the game, the frame rate can reach 5,60FPS, but when it develops to 8 population wars, the frame rate will plummet to 10FPS. This is because the performance of CPU is too weak, and upgrading CPU is the simplest and most direct way to improve the frame rate of "Knife Tower Walking Chess".

Here, the 5.3GHz i3-9350K can still show nearly 100 frames during the 8 population wars.

2. League of Legends

League of Legends also has no testing program, and a fair testing method is to compare the frame rate in the birthplace after the opening.

The frame rate of i3-9350K at the time of silent frequency was 284FPS at the place of birth, and after overclocking to 5.3GHz, the frame rate increased to 334FPS.

League of Legends is a typical game that eats CPU instead of graphics card. As can be seen from the above picture, even if the frame rate of the game reaches 282FPS at the highest quality, the utilization rate of GPU is only about 20%. Moreover, this game is not sensitive to multiple cores, and it can probably use 2~3 cores.

If the frame rate of League of Legends exceeds 300FPS, you need to buy a high-frequency 4-core processor.

3. world of tanks

World of tanks is a classic war online game, and it can use up to four CPU cores.

The score of i3-9350K processor overclocked to 5.3GHz is 49498, which translates to a frame rate of 298FPS.

World of tanks also depends on the performance of GPU. When the frequency is muted, the frame rate of i3-9350K is 284FPS, and after overclocking to 5.3GHz, the frame rate reaches 298FPS, with an increase of only about 5%.

Even with ordinary image quality, the GPU utilization rate of GTX 1660 is over 97%, while the CPU utilization rate is less than 80%. This is why the frame rate of the game has not changed much after overclocking (GPU has become the bottleneck of the system). This game wants high frame rate, which requires both high-performance CPU and high-performance graphics card.

4. APEX hero

"Apex Hero" does not provide a test program. In order to reduce the interference of variables during the test, we choose to test the frame number in the training ground and manually adjust it to medium quality during the test. We recorded the frame rate in the training ground and actual combat, so it has certain reference value.

When the frequency is muted, the frame rate of i3-9350K is 138FPS. After overclocking to 5.3GHz, the frame rate is only increased by 3FPS. Even with medium image quality, GTX 1660 still achieves 100% GPU utilization.

5, Jedi survival

"Survival of the Jedi" is an online competitive game, which can rarely support 6 cores.

In Survival of the Jedi, the frame rate of the silent i3-9350K is 130FPS, and the frame rate is only increased by 2FPS after overclocking to 5.3GHz.

As a game that needs CPU very much, the main reason why the frame rate of the game hardly improves after overclocking to 5.3GHz is that the GPU is too weak.

6. Assassin’s Creed: Origin

As can be seen from the above figure, the CPU score is 10ms, while the GTX 1660 score is 12ms, which means that even with "medium" image quality, the GPU still has a certain bottleneck, but this bottleneck is not very big.

In Assassin’s Creed: Origin, the frame rate of silent frequency i3-9350K is 75FPS. After overclocking to 5.3GHz, the frame rate reaches 83FPS, which is 8 frames higher, and it still has certain effect.

7. Tomb Raider: Shadow

As can be seen from the above figure, in Tomb Raider: Shadow, there is a huge bottleneck in GPU. The average rendering time of CPU is 7ms, but it is as high as 11.8ms for GPU. During the whole test, the frame rate generated by GPU per second is much lower than that rendered by CPU per second.

Of course, when the test is about 80%, the rendering time of CPU exceeds that of GPU, that is to say, overclocking CPU can still bring a little bit of frame rate improvement.

In Tomb Raider: Shadow, the frame rate of silent frequency i3-9350K is 81FPS. After overclocking to 5.3GHz, the frame rate reaches 83FPS, which is 2 frames higher.

V. Summary: E-sports God U of civilians

The overclocking ability of Core i3-9350K really brought us a lot of surprises. This i3-9350K in our hand can easily overclock to 5.3GHz and pass the AIDA64 FPU baking machine test!

As far as single-core performance is concerned, the i3-9350K at 5.3GHz is the strongest among all the processors we have tested at present. The CPU-Z single thread score of 631, the CineBench R15 single thread of 230cb, and the wPrime 32M single thread only took 25 seconds to run, etc. all prove the power of 5.3GHz.

The lack of hyper-threading function has some influence on the performance of multi-threading, but the ultra-high frequency can also make up for the lack of multi-core performance.I3-9350K overclocked to 5.3GHz is not inferior to i7-7700K with silent frequency in multithreading performance, and it is not inferior to the higher-order i5-9400.

Of course, overclocking ability is not the only surprise, and its performance in temperature and power consumption is also quite bright.

The voltage of 1.36V may be unbearable for an 8-core processor, but it’s not a problem at all in a quad-core i3-9350K!

When the 5.3GHz i3-9350K roasters, the power consumption of the processor core is less than 80W.This is much lower than the default TDP of many processors today, so it becomes relatively easy to control the temperature. Using a 100-yuan air-cooled radiator, the temperature of the baking machine can be suppressed to 86 degrees. In daily use,In most cases, the temperature can be controlled within 60 degrees.

At present, Core i3-9350K has not been officially quoted in China, but his brother i3-9350KF has been put up for 979 yuan on the platform of JD.COM, which is a Ferrari for civilians! For e-sports players who pursue the ultimate cost performance, i3-9350K is a tempting choice.

If you have certain hands-on overclocking ability, the i3-9350K overclocked to 5.3GHz has the frame rate performance of the top processor in competitive games such as Knife Tower, world of tanks and League of Legends. The same is true for similar games such as CS:GO and Crossing the Line of Fire.

If you want to have a frame rate of 300FPS in League of Legends, and want to enjoy the fluency of nearly 100 frames in the fiercest battle of Knife Tower, and you don’t have enough budget, this i3-9350K is your dish!

Comprehensive reader’s comments, and then make some supplements:

1. The requirements of the 5.3GHz 9350K radiator are very low, and a hundred yuan radiator is enough;

2, 5.3GHz 9350K can provide the highest frame rate in mainstream e-sports games, but it doesn’t mean that it can’t play large stand-alone games. Its multi-core performance is equivalent to that of i5-9400F/i7-7700K, and when it is matched with RTX 2080Ti, the frame rate is not as good as 9900K in games like Tomb Raider: Shadow. But if you use a graphics card below RTX 2070, there won’t be much difference between the two;

3. Demand for the motherboard: We have not measured this in detail, but the 9350K roaster only has 80W at 5.3GHz, which proves that it does not have too high demand for the motherboard, and the 9900K 5GHz roaster 260W needs to supply the top motherboard;

4, 5.3GHz 9350K features overclocking and cost performance, suitable for e-sports players with insufficient budget.

Original Pudong CDC U Health

Do you know how to disinfect tap water?

A lot of chemically good U powder needs to be answered first:

Chlorine!

If you think so,

That’s too underestimate the tap water.

Let’s study with Xiao U today ~

How much do you know about disinfection methods of tap water?

With the improvement of people’s living standards, cities are making efforts to improve the quality of drinking water. A survey on the disinfection of urban tap water shows that at present, most urban tap water is still mainly disinfected by traditional chlorine (including liquid chlorine and bleaching powder disinfection, etc.), and chlorine dioxide is used instead in some areas, or ozone disinfection and ultraviolet disinfection have been used for advanced treatment.

Disinfection

Refers to the method of killing pathogenic microorganisms in the external environment. The purpose of disinfection of drinking water is to consider the pollution of pathogenic bacteria in every link of water supply process, and to cut off the transmission route of pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water through disinfection to prevent the occurrence and prevalence of infectious diseases.

At present, the main disinfection methods for drinking water in China are chlorination disinfection, chlorine dioxide disinfection, ultraviolet disinfection and ozone disinfection.

Which disinfection method is stronger?

1, the traditional chlorination (chlorination)

Chlorination disinfection

It refers to a method of disinfection of drinking water with chlorine or chlorine preparation, which is the most widely used and mature method in drinking water disinfection.

Chlorine preparations mainly include: sodium hypochlorite, bleaching powder, liquid chlorine and organic chlorine preparations. Their sterilization mechanism is basically the same. Mainly depends on the hydrolysis product hypochlorous acid.

Chlorination disinfection, as one of the commonly used disinfection technologies of tap water, has the characteristics of simple use, easy procurement of raw materials and good continuous sterilization effect, so it occupies a large market in waterworks in China. Although people pay more and more attention to the side effects of chlorine disinfection with the strengthening of people’s health awareness, chlorine may still be one of the most common disinfectants used in underdeveloped areas for a long time.

2. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) disinfection.

People pay more and more attention to the environmental and safety problems caused by chlorine disinfection. Among the available disinfectants, chlorine dioxide is considered to be the most cost-effective one.

Advantages and disadvantages of ClO2 _ 2 disinfection:

Advantages:

Good sterilization effect, small dosage and long action time, and can keep the remaining disinfection dose;

It can reduce the formation of chlorinated by-products such as trihalomethane and haloacetic acid in water. When the water contains ammonia, it does not react with ammonia, and its disinfection effect is not affected;

Strong oxidation, can decompose cell structure and kill spores and viruses, especially for cryptosporidium and Giardia;

After disinfection, the residual chlorine in the water is stable and lasting, and the ability to prevent re-pollution is strong;

Can remove the color and taste in water, and does not form chlorophenol odor with phenol;

The effect of removing iron and manganese is stronger than that of chlorine.

Disadvantages:

ClO2 is explosive and must be prepared on site and used immediately; Chlorate and chlorite can be produced.

The application of chlorine dioxide in drinking water treatment in China has gradually attracted people’s attention, and the promotion of chlorine dioxide as a conventional optional disinfectant in water plants in China is also an inevitable trend.

3, ultraviolet disinfection

Ultraviolet rays with wavelength of 200~280nm have bactericidal effect, among which ultraviolet rays with wavelength of 254nm have the strongest bactericidal effect. Ultraviolet disinfection technology is one of the physical disinfection methods. Its advantages are short contact time and high sterilization efficiency. Does not produce toxic and harmful substances, has broad-spectrum sterilization ability and no secondary pollution; The disinfection effect is not affected by water temperature and pH. The disadvantage is that it has no continuous disinfection effect, needs to be used in conjunction with chlorine, and is expensive.

Ultraviolet disinfection was first applied in the United States, and now it has become a mature, reliable, efficient and environmentally friendly disinfection technology. It has been widely used in various fields abroad, but it has not been popularized in China.

4, Ozone (ozone) disinfection

Ozone is a very strong oxidant.

Advantages and disadvantages of O3 disinfection:

Advantages: the disinfection effect is better than that of ClO2 and Cl2, and the dosage is less; The pH value is between 6 and 8.5. Does not affect the sensory properties of water, but also has many functions such as deodorization, color, iron, manganese, phenol and so on; No trihalomethane is generated; When used in pretreatment, it can also promote flocculation and clarification and reduce the dosage of coagulant.

Disadvantages: large investment and higher cost than chlorination disinfection; O3 in water is unstable and easy to decompose, and it needs certain technology to control and detect O3. The retention time in water is very short, which can not maintain the continuous disinfection effect of the pipe network and requires a second disinfectant.

How to disinfect tap water in Pudong?

At present, there are 8 waterworks in Pudong New Area, which use Qingcaosha Reservoir as the water source in a unified way, and the tap water is disinfected by chloramine.

Chloramine disinfection is a kind of chlorination disinfection.

Advantages: less disinfection by-products, better taste and chroma of water, higher stability, and guaranteed residual chlorine in the pipe network, which is suitable for long-distance water supply plants.

Disadvantages: chloramine is a weak oxidant, and its disinfection effect is not as strong as hypochlorous acid, which requires higher concentration and longer contact time; The operation of adding ammonia is complicated, and the effect of killing virus is poor.

In addition to water treatment process

Besides the conventional coagulation-sedimentation-filtration-disinfection,

And advanced treatment technology of drinking water,

That is, in order to further improve the quality of drinking water,

Treatment of macromolecular organic matter in drinking water.

Commonly used advanced treatment technology of drinking water

Ozone-activated carbon technology,

Membrane separation technology, biological activated carbon technology, etc.

For more details, listen to Xiao u’s next breakdown ~

References:

[1] Water World-www.chinacitywater.org/, China Urban Water Network

[2] Yang Kedi. Environmental Hygiene [M], Beijing, People’s Health Publishing House.

The picture comes from the Internet.

Contributed by: Yang Minjuan, Environmental and Occupational Hazard Factor Control Section

Reviewer: Huang Yunbiao and Shen Huiping

Original title: "How to disinfect tap water in Pudong? Is it safe enough? 》

Read the original text

[Lead: New energy vehicles that are licensed after December 31, 2022 will no longer enjoy the purchase subsidy, and the "state subsidy" will become history, which makes a number of car companies face the pressure of price increase. The price increase of battery raw materials is another main reason for the price increase of new energy vehicles. This means that the new energy vehicle has officially opened the "head-on confrontation" mode with the fuel vehicle. 】

Author | Cai Jialun, Editor | Hezi

The price increase of new energy vehicles is imminent. Is it the foil of marketing strategy or the influence of dynamic changes of policies and markets? 2022 is coming to an end, and major car companies have also reached the stage of sprinting at the end of the year. The sales volume at the end of the year determines the development direction of the next year. According to the overall market sales this year, major new energy vehicle companies will inevitably have a fierce battle at the end of the year. Although the marketing strategy is a way to drive the purchase, this time it is not aimless. Because as early as the end of last year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other four departments have informed that the policy subsidies will end on the last day of this year.

"National compensation" will eventually become history.

In order to vigorously develop the new energy vehicle market, after discussion by relevant departments, since 2010, consumers who purchase new energy vehicles can enjoy state subsidies according to the types of vehicles they purchase. According to the relevant data of China Automobile Association, from January to October this year, the production of new energy vehicles in China reached 5.445 million units, an increase of 111% over the same period last year; Sales reached 5.28 million units, up 105% year-on-year. It can be seen that the development of new energy vehicles in China is quite outstanding, and both products and technologies have achieved a qualitative leap. "National compensation" plays a vital role in promoting the development of China’s new energy vehicle market.

With the continuous growth and maturity of the new energy vehicle market, the sales volume and ownership of new energy vehicles are also rising. At this time, the role of "subsidy" to promote the development of new energy vehicles will naturally not be as "important" as when the market just started. According to the current market situation, the relevant departments made timely adjustments and decided to cancel the subsidy policy for new energy vehicles: new energy vehicles that are licensed after December 31, 2022 will no longer enjoy the purchase subsidy, and the "state subsidy" will become history.

Subsidies have been cancelled, and manufacturers have "made moves"

With the withdrawal of the state subsidy policy, car companies have to face the cost "pressure" again. In order to ensure that their profits are not affected by a large area, many car companies have "made moves" to open their own marketing strategies. The first move is. A few days ago, the official issued a price adjustment statement, announcing the price increase of a variety of products including its Dynasty series and Ocean series, with the price increase ranging from 2,000 to 6,000 yuan. As the first car company in China to stop selling fuel vehicles, this is the third price increase this year. In the explanation, it is also clear that the reason for the price increase is directly related to the cancellation of subsidies.

It was Ian who announced the price increase. On November 30th, Ai ‘an released the explanation about the price adjustment of the vehicle models, which clearly stated that it would raise the price of its related models by 3,000 to 8,000 yuan. Similarly, consumers who pay the deposit before January 1, 2023 and complete the contract will not be affected by this price adjustment and continue to enjoy the relevant rights and interests. At the same time, many enterprises such as Wenjie, Tucki, etc. have also issued the statement of "National Supplementary Insurance Price" according to their own conditions. For example, in Tucki, as long as the order payment is completed on December 31st, they can enjoy subsidies, and even if the listing time is delayed, the corresponding difference will be borne by the enterprises.

Of course, not all car companies choose to raise prices in response to the withdrawal of the national subsidy policy. Not long ago, on the basis of the highest price reduction of more than 30,000 yuan, the official announced the second "price reduction". This price reduction will be given back to consumers in the form of subsidy insurance. If the car is picked up on time in November, the owner will enjoy an insurance subsidy of 8,000 yuan, while the corresponding subsidy will be halved for consumers who pick up the car in December. There is also a zero-run for price reduction promotion. For its hot-selling models, consumers can complete the deposit payment before December 4 and complete the licensing before December 31, and then they can get a cash back subsidy of up to 12,000 yuan.

Is it really the best time to buy new energy vehicles?

To put it bluntly, it is only a matter of time before the new energy car companies raise prices after the withdrawal of the state compensation. In recent years, the price of new energy vehicles has been unstable. Due to the epidemic, the cost of raw materials and the price of power batteries have soared. Many car companies once announced the suspension of production because of "lack of core". High costs and meager profits can be said to make major manufacturers miserable, and canceling the subsidy policy is tantamount to adding a "heavy burden" to enterprises. In order to protect their own interests, price increase is definitely the most effective and direct way. But for consumers, the "extra" increase in car purchases is undoubtedly a big loss.

Whether it is the best time to buy new energy vehicles now mainly depends on whether the new energy vehicles are actually bought. First of all, let’s look at the price. After the withdrawal from the market, the most serious impact will be the pure electric vehicles from 150,000 to 250,000. After all, in this price range, fuel vehicles still have strong competitiveness, and it is difficult to completely replace its "Jianghu status" in a short time; Secondly, most consumers who choose this price will pay more attention to the practicality of vehicles. The problem of charging energy and mileage anxiety of pure electric vehicles is also the main reason why they keep waiting and seeing. After the withdrawal of the state compensation, the product strength of new energy vehicles has once again ushered in a test.

Although the withdrawal of the state subsidy will have a certain impact on the new energy vehicle market, it will also "sound the alarm" for the new energy vehicle market. Cars really can’t be built by anyone. There are no "genuine" products that can be obtained, and no matter how good-looking PPT is, it is also a verbal check. Those "empty shell" companies that "fill in the blanks" and take policy subsidies will eventually be eliminated by the market.

comment

Without the blessing "protection" of the national subsidy policy, new energy vehicles finally ushered in a "positive confrontation" with fuel vehicles. This also urges car companies to increase investment in technology research and development, product upgrading and other aspects. With the delisting of the state, the new energy automobile industry will eventually usher in a transformation. Although the price is no longer "cheap", the more standardized market environment is undoubtedly a major benefit to consumers. After all, only excellent products can be invincible in the market. Some "weak" car companies will also fall in the "post-subsidy era".

(This article is the original of "Heyan Reading Car" and cannot be reproduced without authorization.)

Editor’s note: With the improvement of living standards, health has become our most concerned topic. What is healthy food? How to prevent physical diseases in life? This has become the focus of attention. People’s Health Network launched the column "Jintai Health Park" to take stock of the most healthy lifestyle for you every week and take you into the health park.

There are five decisive factors for human health, and seven points for longevity and health.

According to research, although many studies show that people’s natural life span can reach more than 100 years old, most people can’t live this age for various reasons.

There are five major determinants of human health: parental inheritance accounts for 15%, social environment accounts for 10%, natural environment accounts for 7%, medical conditions account for 8%, and lifestyle accounts for 60%, which almost plays a decisive role.

There are seven main points for a long and healthy life:

1 Be sure to eat 3 meals;

2 Be sure to sleep for 8 hours;

③ Exercise for half an hour every day;

(4) Laugh every day and be healthy physically and mentally;

⑤ Be sure to defecate every day and expel toxins;

6. Be sure to have a harmonious family;

All landowners don’t smoke, don’t drink, and walk every day.[detailed]

Beginning of autumn has just passed the summer heat to cool down, and Chinese medicine will teach you how to keep fit.

After beginning of autumn, the influence of cold air will be gradually strengthened, activities will tend to be frequent, the temperature will drop obviously, the temperature difference between day and night will increase, and there will be "one autumn rain and one cold".

Just after beginning of autumn, from the point of view of disease prevention and health care, we should take precautions against "cold", pay attention to strengthening cold-proof exercise and improve cold-resistant ability, so that we can adapt to the climate environment when strong cold air and winter season come, and avoid inducing or aggravating diseases due to meteorological reasons, such as influenza, tracheitis, pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis and various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

The ancients said: spring covers autumn and freezes, and no miscellaneous diseases are born. After beginning of autumn, we should correctly understand "thin clothes to keep out the cold", don’t add clothes and pants immediately when the temperature drops slightly, and cover yourself up. Instead, we should add clothes as late as possible, wear short-sleeved shirts, try not to wear long sleeves, wear single clothes and try not to add coats.[detailed]

Several bad habits hurt blood vessels the most.

Smooth blood vessels are the foundation of human health, and different living habits will have a great impact on blood vessel health. To protect blood vessels, it is best to understand the bad habits that damage blood vessels in life. Bad eating habits can do great harm to blood vessels.

Long-term irregular diet, overeating, thick oil and red sauce, high oil, high salt, high sugar, and more meat than vegetarian will all lead to excessive intake of nutrients. Excess lipids will not only deposit on the blood vessel wall to block blood vessels, but also increase blood viscosity, which is easy to cause thrombosis. Therefore, it is recommended to eat seven full meals, eat less grilled and pickled processed foods and fried foods, and eat less meat and more vegetables to avoid excessive fat intake.

Long-term smoking can lead to obvious atherosclerosis. Cigarettes contain many harmful substances, such as nicotine, carbon monoxide, oxygen free radicals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and butadiene, which exchange with the gas in blood through alveoli and reach blood vessels, interfere with fat metabolism in blood, destroy vascular elasticity, damage vascular endothelium, and lead to the occurrence, development and thrombosis of atherosclerosis.[detailed]

Four ways to make up the yang at the end of the day and raise the back.

The dog days are the best time to treat winter diseases in summer, and the most important thing to get rid of cold evils in the body is to replenish yang qi, and to replenish yang qi, you must raise your back more! Now that we have entered the last stage, it is better to grab the last stage to support our backs.

The reason why we have to raise our backs is because according to Chinese medicine, our backs are yang and our bellies are yin. As long as the back is well maintained, it can make the back of the human body glow and generate a steady stream of energy. Because the yang meridian is basically distributed on the back of the human body, the spine is the main meridian of yang, and the meridian is the "sea of yang meridian", which controls the yang of the whole body, and the operation of yang of the whole body is all related to it.

On both sides of the spine are the bladder meridian of Foot-Taiyang, and the points on the back of all zang-fu organs are on the bladder meridian of the back. These points are channels for running qi and blood and connecting zang-fu. Stimulating these points can invigorate yang, harmonize qi and blood, and restore the functions of zang-fu. It can be seen that the back of human body is a very important part, which plays an important role in regulating visceral function, reconciling yin and yang and prolonging life.[detailed]

A brisk walk of 6,000 steps is enough.

Walking is the most affordable way of health care. A few days ago, researchers at Stanford University in the United States analyzed the activity level of residents in 46 countries and regions around the world based on the number of walking steps per day. The results show that Hong Kong, China and Chinese mainland are the top two favorite places to go.

It should be reminded that although walking exercise is good, it should not be excessive. Lu Yuanzhen said that modern people are polarized in sports. Many young and middle-aged office workers are used to driving, and the amount of exercise drops sharply, so that their physical strength is weak and their weight rises; Others are keen on taking steps every day and ranking, which leads to excessive exercise.

In order to be healthy, you have to walk 10 thousand steps every day, but this 10 thousand step also depends on the situation. If you walk slowly, including sporadic walking every day, 10,000 steps of exercise is acceptable, but if you choose to walk quickly, 6,000 steps a day is enough.[detailed]

Some traditional Chinese medicines are harmful to the liver if abused.

Some people think that Chinese medicine has no toxic and side effects at all, and even is abused as a health care product. Generally speaking, there are two main mechanisms of drug-induced liver damage: one is the direct toxicity of drugs and their intermediate metabolites to the liver; The second is the individual’s specific reaction to drugs. The first one is mainly related to the type and dosage. The second is mainly related to physical fitness. In life, we should pay special attention to liver injury when using the following drugs.

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. purchased or collected by itself may contain chrysophanol, an anthraquinone derivative, if it is not processed. If it is abused without authorization, it will have certain toxicity to the body. The most important manifestation is liver damage and intestinal congestion.

Senna leaf When constipation occurs, many patients will choose senna to treat it themselves. If it is taken in excess for a long time, it will metabolize anthrone-like active products in the intestine, which is easy to harm the liver. It is also not suitable for those who often have cold-aversion, warm-liking, loose stools, etc.[detailed]

☆ Wonderful review ☆

The life span of blood vessels determines the life span of people. "Skipping food after noon" is very harmful.

The secret that running can prolong life is not reliable.

Are you a long-lived face? How to prevent cancer with six constitutions?

Hip is an important health area. Three cups of tea can reduce blood fat.

What do you eat for health in summer? Eat less than one third and live more than 20 years!

Bad habits make moisture-ridden. How to get rid of moisture in the body in summer

Chinese medicine family rules forbid touching cold drinks. Shouldn’t Chinese medicine be used for health preservation in summer?

See a doctor, remember nine don’t pit the elderly’s health misunderstanding.

Often eat sweet potato leaves to delay aging. Is it too thin for the elderly to live long?

　

Total import and export volume of Shenzhen from 1979 to 2017

The proportion of Shenzhen’s high-tech products exports to the total exports in 2012-2017

Proportion of mechanical and electrical products exports in total exports in Shenzhen from 2012 to 2017

Shenzhen Special Zone Daily, December 17, 2018-In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, with the continuous expansion of opening up, Shenzhen’s foreign trade has achieved a historic leap, the total import and export volume has increased rapidly, the trade mode has become more reasonable, the product structure has been continuously optimized, and the trade market has become increasingly diversified. Opening up and trade have played an important role in promoting Shenzhen’s economic and social development.

one

Foreign trade has achieved a historic leap.

The scale of import and export ranks second in mainland cities, and the scale of export ranks first in mainland cities for 25 consecutive years. From 1979 to 2017, the total import and export volume of Shenzhen increased from US$ 16.76 million to US$ 413.95 billion, an increase of 8,545 times, with an average annual growth rate of 26.9%, which was 12.4 percentage points higher than the national average annual growth rate, and the total import and export volume ranked second in mainland cities. Among them, the total export volume increased from 9.3 million US dollars to 244.221 billion US dollars, an increase of 9,565 times, with an average annual growth rate of 27.3%, and the export scale ranked first in mainland cities for 25 consecutive years; The total import volume increased from US$ 7.46 million to US$ 169.729 billion, an increase of 7435 times, with an average annual growth rate of 26.4%.

The proportion of total import and export in the whole country and the whole province has greatly increased. After nearly 40 years’ development, the proportion of Shenzhen’s total import and export in the whole country and the whole province has greatly increased from a negligible amount in 1979 to 10.1% and 41.1% in 2017, of which the proportion of total exports in the whole country and the whole province has increased to 10.8% and 39.2% respectively, and the proportion of total imports in the whole country and the whole province has increased to 9.2% and 44.2% respectively. Shenzhen’s total import and export volume has greatly increased, which shows that Shenzhen’s import and export has played an increasingly important role in China’s foreign trade development.

2

The development characteristics of each stage are obvious.

Looking back on the development of Shenzhen’s foreign trade in the past 40 years, we can see that the development of Shenzhen’s foreign trade has gone through three stages. The development of each stage is in harmony with the overall development of China’s economy, adapted to the domestic and international environment at the same time, and inseparable from the changes in the opening-up policy, which plays an irreplaceable role in the development of Shenzhen in various periods.

(A) 1979-1992, the high-speed growth stage

During this period, Shenzhen actively expanded its opening up, and through a series of opening-up measures, such as building ports, attracting investment, creating bonded industrial zones, setting up a number of foreign trade backbone enterprises, and opening ports and ports, it quickly formed an export-oriented economy with industry as the mainstay and combining industry and trade. At this stage, the import and export scale of Shenzhen increased from $16.76 million in 1979 to $23.577 billion in 1992, with an average annual growth rate of 61.0%, of which the export scale increased from $9.3 million in 1979 to $12 billion in 1992, with an average annual growth rate of 60.6%. The import scale increased from $7.46 million in 1979 to $11.575 billion in 1992, with an average annual increase of 61.5%. In 1987, the export scale of Shenzhen exceeded the import scale, reversing the trade deficit for four consecutive years from 1983 to 1986. By 1988, the total export volume of Shenzhen ranked second in large and medium-sized cities in China, and by 1992, the total import and export volume of Shenzhen ranked first in large and medium-sized cities in China.

(B) 1993-2012, the rapid growth stage

In 1992, after Comrade Deng Xiaoping visited the South, China’s reform and opening-up was further deepened, and Shenzhen’s opening-up entered a brand-new stage. Especially after 2001, with China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, Shenzhen’s foreign trade expanded rapidly. At this stage, the scale of Shenzhen’s import and export further expanded, with the total import and export volume increasing from 23.577 billion US dollars in 1992 to 466.830 billion US dollars in 2012, of which the total export volume increased from 12.000 billion US dollars in 1992 to 271.362 billion US dollars in 2012, ranking first among mainland cities for 25 consecutive years from 1993 to 2017. The total import volume increased from $11.575 billion in 1992 to $195.469 billion in 1992. In this stage, the total import and export volume of Shenzhen exceeded $50 billion for the first time in 1999, $100 billion in 2003, $200 billion in 2006, $300 billion in 2010, $400 billion in 2011 and $466.830 billion in 2012. Judging from the development of each year, the total import and export volume decreased only in 2009 due to the global financial crisis, and all other years maintained a high growth rate, especially in 2002-2007, when Shenzhen’s export trade developed fastest, with an average annual growth rate of 27.0%.

(C) 2013-2017, the stage of steady growth.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Shenzhen has persisted in deepening reform and opening wider to the outside world, actively responded to a series of major risk challenges such as the follow-up impact of the international financial crisis, and strived to adapt to the new normal of foreign trade development. The import and export situation is good and has entered a stage of steady growth.

After the rapid development of the previous stage and some special factors, the total import and export volume of Shenzhen has declined for three consecutive years since 2014, and by 2017, the import and export growth rate of Shenzhen has turned from negative to positive, achieving positive growth. In 2017, the total import and export volume of Shenzhen was US$ 413.95 billion, RMB-denominated 2,801.146 billion, up 6.4% year-on-year, of which the total export volume was US$ 244.221 billion, RMB-denominated 1,653.357 billion, up 5.5% year-on-year; The total import value was US$ 169.729 billion, with RMB-denominated value of RMB 1,147.789 billion, up by 7.9% year-on-year.

three

Continuous optimization of import and export structure

Since the reform and opening up, especially since the 1990s, the import and export structure of Shenzhen has been constantly adjusted and optimized, mainly in two aspects:

(A) the mode of trade is becoming more reasonable, from single to diversified.

Since the 1980s, Shenzhen has expanded its efforts to attract investment, and actively developed "three-for-one-supplement" enterprises and "three-capital" enterprises by using overseas capital and technology, which greatly promoted the development of foreign trade. The proportion of processing trade exports in total exports has gradually increased from 38.7% in 1987 to 56.5% in 2011. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, focusing on restructuring, constantly cultivating new advantages in foreign trade competition, and accelerating the adjustment, transformation and upgrading of the trade structure of goods, the export proportion of processing trade in Shenzhen began to decline slowly, from 53.0% in 2012 to 34.8% in 2017, while the export proportion of general trade rose from 28.0% in 2012 to 43.1% in 2017.

With the expansion of opening to the outside world and the development of foreign trade, Shenzhen’s trade mode has changed to diversification. The mode of foreign trade has gradually developed from processing trade to barter trade, small-scale border trade, export goods of foreign contracted projects, leasing trade, goods entering and leaving bonded supervision places, logistics goods in special customs supervision areas, imported equipment in special supervision areas, and free assistance and gifts from countries and international organizations. In 2017, the top three modes of trade in the city’s export proportion were: general trade exports accounted for 43.2%, processing trade exports accounted for 34.8%, and logistics goods exports in special customs supervision areas accounted for 9.2%.

(B) continuous optimization of product structure, from primary products to electromechanical products, and then to high-tech products.

In the early days of reform and opening up, Shenzhen’s export commodities were mainly primary products, mainly including grain, meat and clothing. For example, in 1990, live pigs for meat and clothing grew rapidly, up by 42.4% and 81.0% respectively, while the export volume of mechanical and electrical products in the same period was not too large, but the growth potential appeared, such as the export of TV sets, tape recorders and telephones increased by 16.8%, 23.1% and 24.1% respectively.

In the 1990s, the structure of Shenzhen’s export products changed greatly. The export of finished products with high added value increased greatly, and the export changed from primary products to mechanical and electrical products. In 1990, the export of mechanical and electrical products in Shenzhen exceeded US$ 1 billion, but it accounted for a low proportion of the city’s exports, about 30%. After China’s accession to the WTO in 2001, the proportion has been increasing, reaching 69.2% in 2002, exceeding 70% in 2003, and the proportion has been above 70% since then. The highest in 2015 reached 82.2%, and in 2017 it was 75.9%. From 1990 to 2017, China’s exports of mechanical and electrical products increased from about $1 billion to $185.275 billion, an increase of 184.3 times. In 2017, the export of mechanical and electrical products in Shenzhen accounted for more than 14% of the country, which contributed to China’s position as the world’s largest exporter of mechanical and electrical products for nine consecutive years.

Since the 21st century, the export proportion of high-tech products represented by electronics and information technology has been increasing, and the import and export trade of high-tech products has become a strong growth point of Shenzhen’s foreign trade for some time to come. In 2002, the export of high-tech products in Shenzhen accounted for 33.7% of the total export, reached 40.0% in 2003, and then remained at around 40%. In 2009, the proportion exceeded 50% for the first time, reaching 52.5%. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, this proportion has remained at around 50%. It reached the highest level of 58.0% in 2013 and 46.7% in 2017. Among high-tech products, aerospace technology and life science and technology products grew rapidly. In 2017, their exports increased by 52.0% and 21.5% respectively.

four

Import and export markets are increasingly diversified.

Since the reform and opening up, the number of countries and regions that have trade with Shenzhen has gradually increased. From 1990 to 2017, Shenzhen’s trading partners have grown from 61 to 239 countries and regions, and have trade with most countries and regions in the world. The top 10 trading partners of Shenzhen are: Hong Kong, ASEAN, the United States, the European Union, Taiwan Province, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam and Singapore. In 2017, the total import and export volume of these 10 countries and regions accounted for 83.4% of the city’s total import and export volume, of which the import and export volume of Hong Kong, ASEAN and the United States accounted for 23.4%, 13.2% and 10.4% respectively. In 2017, Shenzhen’s import and export to Hong Kong, China was 96.879 billion US dollars, down 8.1%; Imports and exports to ASEAN reached US$ 54.622 billion, up by 16.7%; Imports and exports to the United States reached US$ 43.147 billion, up by 13.2%; Imports and exports to the EU reached US$ 40.59 billion, up by 7.2%; Imports and exports to Taiwan, China reached US$ 33.413 billion, up by 5.9%.

At the Central Economic Work Conference in 2014, the Belt and Road Initiative was put forward. Over the past few years, the construction of the "Belt and Road" has changed from concept to action, from vision to reality, and has achieved fruitful results. From 2014 to 2017, the total import and export trade between Shenzhen and countries or regions along the Belt and Road Initiative accounted for about 20% of the city. With Shenzhen actively serving and accelerating its integration into the national "One Belt, One Road" initiative and comprehensively improving the level of open economy, the "One Belt, One Road" has enhanced its role in tapping and enhancing Shenzhen’s foreign trade development potential. In 2017, Shenzhen imported and exported 542.28 billion yuan to countries along the "Belt and Road", up 16.4% year-on-year, which was 10.0 percentage points higher than the total import and export growth rate of Shenzhen in the same period; Among them, the export was 307.71 billion yuan, up by 13.2%, which was 7.7 percentage points higher than that of Shenzhen in the same period. The import and export trade between Shenzhen and countries or regions along the Belt and Road Initiative has become a bright spot in China’s foreign trade development.

After 40 years of development since the reform and opening up, Shenzhen’s foreign trade volume has been greatly improved, its structure has been continuously optimized, and its development achievements have been remarkable. However, due to the unresolved deep-seated structural contradictions in the world economy, Sino-US trade friction has escalated and uncertainties in foreign trade have increased. Facing the future, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, we will stick to the road of openness, accommodation and mutual benefit. Accelerate the transformation and upgrading of trade, promote the innovation and development of trade, actively cultivate new formats and models of foreign trade, change the development mode of foreign trade, improve the quality and efficiency of trade development, and promote the construction of all-round opening-up pattern and the transformation to high-quality development.

(Contributed by Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Statistics)

Image source @ vision china

Wen Yi Zheng Lun

In the farming era, agriculture is the foundation of the country. Entering industrial civilization, although agriculture accounts for less and less of the total economic output, it is an important foundation of all industries, and agriculture has a multi-layered relationship with modern economic development.

Taking China as an example, China’s economy, especially after the reform and opening up, has experienced sustained high-speed growth for 40 years. In this process, two topics have become the focus of academic circles and public opinion: one is the sustained growth for 40 years (including the high-speed growth in the first 30 years and the medium-high-speed growth in the second 10 years), which has been praised as the "China miracle" by many scholars and given different explanations from different angles.

The second is the trend of slow growth in recent ten years, which is accompanied by the retreat of late-comer advantage, the disappearance of demographic dividend, the slowdown of urbanization and the anti-globalization trend, which makes many people feel anxious.

If we examine the logic behind China’s economic development from the perspective of agriculture, we may be able to reduce our anxiety in the face of slowing economic growth and get a peek at the opportunities for future economic development.

review

Generally speaking, agriculture has two meanings for economic development: the first is the primary industry in economic growth-agriculture, but the proportion of the added value of primary production in the total GDP will become smaller and smaller with the process of national industrialization; Secondly, from the perspective of development economics, the development of agriculture is the foundation of population growth, labor transfer and urbanization.

(Illustration: The increase of agricultural output can bring about the increase of population, and the increase of population leads to the expansion of economic scale; The improvement of agricultural labor productivity can transfer more labor to modern industry and commerce and provide labor capital for economic development; Population growth, industrial and commercial development, and more people moving from rural areas to cities have brought about the development of urbanization. )

On the macro level as a whole

(Statistics of population, grain output, urbanization rate, GDP and growth rate in China from 1949 to 2019-Source: National Bureau of Statistics)

From 1949 to 2019, the annual output of grain in China increased from 113 million tons to 664 million tons; The added value of the primary industry (agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, but excluding agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery services) ranged from 34.3 billion yuan to 7046.7 billion yuan (1952-2019); The population has increased from 540 million to nearly 1.4 billion; Gross national product (GDP) from 67.9 billion yuan to 99,086.5 billion yuan (1952-2019); The urbanization rate ranges from 10.6% to 60.6%. All this is inseparable from the contribution of basic agriculture.

In this process, we have gone from not having enough to supplying by ticket, to solving the problem of food and clothing poverty, and now we have plenty of food and clothing. Great changes have also taken place in our diet structure, from a diet dominated by staple food to a more balanced and scientific diet of grain, fruits and vegetables, meat, eggs and milk.

People’s health status and education level have been greatly improved. The obvious performance is that the average life expectancy has dropped from less than 35 to 77 now, and the illiteracy rate has dropped from 80% to about 5%. Agricultural development not only pushes up the population base, but also provides a high-quality population for economic development, industrial and commercial development and urbanization.

Today, we are the largest agricultural producer in the world, accounting for 20% of the world’s grain output, 39% of the world’s vegetable and fruit output, and 56% of the world’s pigs. We feed 21% of the world’s population with less than 9% of the earth’s arable land, and the food self-sufficiency rate is 82.3%(2017).

The above is the overall view. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China has experienced several different historical periods. The political and economic systems in each period are not only the same, but also the agricultural and economic development have different structural models and logical relationships. Therefore, we need to look at the relationship between agriculture and economic development in stages.

Look at it in stages

Professor Cai Fang once divided China’s economic development into five stages: Malthusian trap, Ghilt’s involution, Lewis’s dual economic development, Lewis’s turning point and Solow’s neoclassical growth. We divide and simplify it into three stages to explain the relationship between agriculture, population and economic development respectively.

I From Malthusian Trap to Involution (1949-1978)

At the beginning of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, we just got out of the war. We are a poor and backward agricultural country, and more than 500 million people are facing the situation of not having enough to eat and not being warm. The population situation is that the high birth rate is accompanied by the high death rate, showing a slow growth, that is to say, it is in the Malthusian trap.

Malthusian trap was put forward by thomas robert malthus, a British political economist, and named after it. It means that the population growth is in accordance with geometric progression, while the survival resources are only in accordance with arithmetic progression. The extra population will always be eliminated in some way, and the population cannot exceed the corresponding level of agricultural development.

We got out of the Malthusian trap on the one hand from the post-war peace, and on the other hand from the food growth brought by agricultural development. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, although China experienced political movements such as cooperatives, people’s communes, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, our grain output still increased gradually during this period.

During this period, agricultural development was promoted by both agricultural system and agricultural technology.

From the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China to 1952, China basically completed the land reform, more than 300 million farmers regained their land, and agricultural production gradually resumed after the war; Subsequently, agricultural production gradually began the movement from mutual aid groups, cooperatives, primary cooperatives, advanced cooperatives to people’s communes. Although from the perspective of system, the influence of system on agricultural development in different periods is both positive and negative, the progress from agricultural technology has obviously promoted agricultural development. Modern agricultural technologies after the industrial revolution: chemical fertilizers, pesticides, improved varieties, irrigation and mechanization (chemical fertilizer industry and mechanization are mainly after the reform and opening up), which have greatly promoted the development of agriculture.

(Illustration: The grain growth brought by agricultural development increases the environmental carrying rate, and with peaceful development, the mortality rate is greatly reduced and the population is growing rapidly. )

The development of agriculture made us get out of the Malthusian trap, and the population increased. However, due to the influence of planned economy, unified purchase and marketing, people’s commune and household registration policy in this period, the increased population did not shift from agriculture to industry and commerce, nor did more people shift from rural areas to cities. The urbanization rate only increased from 10.6% to 17.9% in 30 years.

A large number of surplus labors stay in the countryside, forming an involution society.

Involution was put forward by Ghilt, an American anthropologist, when studying Indonesian agriculture. It refers to the phenomenon that a social or cultural model stagnates or cannot be transformed into another advanced model after reaching a certain form at a certain stage of development.

Huang Zongzhi used the concept of involution in the study of China’s economic development and social changes in "Small Farmers’ Families and Rural Development in the Yangtze River Delta". He called the growth without development "involution" by investing a lot of labor on limited land to obtain the way of total output growth, that is, the way of diminishing marginal benefits.

A large number of surplus labor stranded in rural areas in the involution stage will become an important resource in the following dual development stage.

II Lewis’s dual economic development stage (1978-2004)

In 1978, China began to reform and open up, and changed from a planned economy to a socialist market economy. Since then, China’s economy has embarked on a long-term high-speed growth channel, with high-speed industrial and commercial development and increasing urbanization rate. In this process, a large number of surplus laborers stranded in rural areas during the involution period were released, and they entered cities and towns from rural areas, and entered industry and commerce from agriculture, which became the main driving force of economic development and formed a dual high-speed development model. This model lasted until around 2004, and entered the next stage of development with the arrival of lewis turning point and the disappearance of the demographic dividend.

Dual Economic Model and lewis turning point;

Dual economic model was put forward by British economist Lewis, which means that developing countries coexist with two different economic systems: traditional agricultural economic system and modern industrial system, which is called dual economic structure.

In the dual economic model, the traditional agricultural sector has a large number of surplus labor with zero marginal productivity, and the surplus labor is continuously transferred from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector.

When the surplus labor force is completely transferred, it is the first turning point of Lewis. After the transfer of surplus labor force, the labor force began to be in short supply. However, because the marginal productivity of the industrial sector is still greater than that of the agricultural sector, it will continue to absorb the labor force of the agricultural sector, but the wage level will continue to increase until the marginal productivity of the two sectors is equal, forming a labor market integrating urban and rural areas. At this time, it is Lewis’ second turning point.

The development of agriculture in this period is reflected in two aspects: system reform and technological progress. The landmark event of China’s reform and opening up was the "all-in-one contract" in Xiaogang village in 1978. The household contract responsibility system began to gradually replace the people’s commune, which improved the incentive mechanism and mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers.

The system reform has brought about the improvement of production efficiency and output. Professor Lin Yifu said that 47% of the increase in agricultural product output comes from the improvement of incentive mechanism by household contract system. In terms of system, it also promoted the development of agriculture by abolishing the state monopoly on purchase and marketing (gradually abolished in the mid-1980s), and land circulation (starting in 2002) further increased the mobility of factors.

In terms of technology, industrialized agricultural technologies such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, improved varieties and mechanization have further promoted agricultural production and income. In this stage of agricultural industrialization and modernization, agricultural development and industrial development promote each other.

According to the production and use of chemical fertilizers, there were only a few chemical fertilizer plants in China before the reform, and the annual chemical fertilizer output was only a few million tons, and now it has reached 40-50 million tons/year. Pesticide, seed industry and mechanization also developed rapidly during this period.

During this period, the industrial structure of agriculture has also undergone important changes. The proportion of agriculture (planting), animal husbandry (breeding) and fishing has changed from planting-oriented industrial structure to about 6:3:1 structure, and in planting, the proportion of fruits and vegetables is increasing.

These can be perceived from our daily life for decades. Our daily diet structure has changed from the traditional 8: 1: 1 food: vegetables: meat structure to the 4: 3: 3 model of the upper class in the city and the richer areas such as Taiwan Province and Hongkong. This change is the "hidden" agricultural revolution put forward by Professor Huang Zongzhi.

On the whole, the development of agriculture in this period is not only reflected in the nearly two-fold increase of grain output, but more importantly, the change of food structure, and the improvement of population quality (reflected in the average life expectancy and education level) while the population increases. In this case, the total population growth and quality improvement, coupled with a large number of surplus labor stranded in rural areas during the involution period, provided a large number of cheap surplus labor for the economic development of this period.

At the same time, China’s working-age population (15-59 years old) increased before 2010, reaching a peak of 940 million in 2010. These constitute a huge demographic dividend of economic development since the reform and opening up and become the main driving force for rapid economic growth. At this stage, China’s economy continued to grow at a high speed, with an average annual growth rate of 10% from 1978 to 2010. The urbanization rate ranges from 17.9% to 49.9%.

III transition period (2004-)

In 2004, the "labor shortage" first appeared in the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta, so some scholars regarded 2004 as the lewis turning point of China. After the first turning point of Lewis, the labor supply structure has changed from unlimited labor supply to limited surplus and then to labor shortage.

The arrival of lewis turning point was accompany by that disappearance of the demographic dividend. The disappearance of demographic dividend is divided into two aspects, on the one hand, the disappearance of surplus agricultural labor force, on the other hand, the change of population structure, that is, the aging is intensified and the dependency ratio is improved.

2010 can be said to be the turning point of demographic changes. In 2010, the working-age population reached its peak, and the dependency ratio was close to the trough. After that, the working-age population experienced negative growth, aging intensified and the dependency ratio increased.

Entering the turning point, the labor cost rises, and the marginal income of investment in economic growth begins to decline. We can see the decline of GDP growth rate in 2004, especially after 2010. At the same time, the growth rate of urbanization has slowed down (as shown in the following figures: 1978-2004, 2004-2010, 2010-).

Slow down, trap or endogenous?

After 2010, China’s economic growth slowed down obviously. The arrival of lewis turning point and the disappearance of demographic dividend are one of the important factors, because the variables related to labor force in economic growth have negative growth, and the marginal income of investment has also declined.

In addition to the labor factor, the factors that often lead to the slowdown of economic growth are: the disappearance of late-comer advantage (the change from catch-up growth to cutting-edge growth), the sluggish domestic demand and unsustainable investment-driven growth, the crisis of middle-income trap, and the environmental constraints on future development caused by environmental damage caused by economic development.

However, at this turning point, there are also good factors to maintain the sustained economic growth. Some scholars believe that China’s reform has stepped out of the unique "China model" and can stimulate innovation, so that knowledge and technology can become the driving force for economic progress and enter the endogenous growth model.

So is the future good or bad? Maybe the answer lies in the land under our feet.

Opportunities from the perspective of agriculture

Agricultural development is welcoming two important changes, one is technical and the other is attribute. These two changes will bring new opportunities for economic development from a new perspective.

Technically, post-industrial agricultural technology is changing the petrochemical agricultural model.

Our modern agriculture, namely, Industrial Agriculture, is an important stage of world agricultural development after traditional agriculture. Petrochemical agriculture is characterized by consuming a lot of petroleum-based energy and raw materials, using a lot of fertilizers and pesticides, large-scale single planting or breeding, and a highly mechanized, automated and large-scale agricultural model.

Undeniably, this model has brought about a double increase in agricultural output in China, but at the cost of environmental pollution and degradation (ecological environment degradation, soil degradation, soil organic matter reduction, water pollution, agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, etc.) and the unsustainability of high energy input model.

Agricultural technology in the post-industrial era is changing the unsustainability of petrochemical agriculture and the negative externalities of the environment in many ways.

There is no strict definition of agriculture in the post-industrial era. In terms of modes, such as ecological agriculture, biological agriculture, circular agriculture, organic agriculture, permanence agriculture, natural agriculture, forest agriculture and Regenerative agriculture, these are all attempts in this regard.

Although the early organic agriculture and natural agriculture left the impression of low yield and low efficiency, with the development of microbial technology, molecular biotechnology, ecological technology, information technology, complex systems and other technologies, agriculture in the post-industrial era is constantly improving productivity on the premise of sustainable development.

Take the application of microbial technology in soil improvement as an example: the industrialized agricultural model has caused soil fertility degradation, organic matter reduction, soil microbial degradation and other problems. This not only reduces the yield, but also reduces the soil organic matter, which also means increasing the greenhouse gas emissions. Using microbial technology can efficiently return straw to the field, improve soil organic matter, and restore healthy microbial population in the soil, which not only restores soil fertility, but also increases soil carbon sequestration and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.

In addition to the field of soil improvement, the development of microbial technology in anaerobic/aerobic fermentation has also greatly improved the efficiency of agricultural and domestic organic waste recycling, turning the garbage in industrial thinking into energy and fertilizer for agriculture in the post-industrial era.

There are biotechnology, such as biological nitrogen fixation; Ecological technology, such as making more use of biological natural enemies for pest management, treating weeds not with herbicides but with comprehensive management (even utilization); At the same time, modern information technology and artificial intelligence technology can more accurately fertilize and use drugs and reduce the waste of unsustainable resources.

On the whole, agricultural technology in the post-industrial era is constantly improving productivity on the premise of sustainable development.

Attribute: agriculture has changed from a single production attribute to a multi-functional attribute.

As an industry with the closest connection between man and nature, agriculture should have multiple functions, but it was only regarded as the production of agricultural products and means of production (pure production function) during the industrialization period. Agriculture should have social, economic and environmental functions besides production functions.

As early as the 1980s and 1990s, Japan and Europe began to actively promote MFA- Multifunctional Agriculture. UNEP The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) described multifunctional agriculture in its "Agriculture at the Crossroads: A Comprehensive Report" in 2009:

(Illustration: Multifunctional Agriculture Multifunctional Agriculture, IAASTD, UNEP)

Social function of agriculture: agriculture provides a healthy environment and food for the whole society, agriculture and rural areas are also the inheritance of social traditions and culture, and agriculture also plays the role of employment buffer and social stability.

The economic function of agriculture: the commercialization of crop output and its processed products, the primary and secondary production of agriculture, and the positive externalities created by agriculture can empower the economy.

The environmental functions of agriculture: soil, water, climate and biodiversity, which are not only the foundation of agriculture, but also the environment on which our human society depends. Agriculture can destroy the environment, and agriculture can also repair it.

China is a country with a large population. In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China and the period of rapid economic development, the issue of grain output and food security has always been the primary issue of agricultural development. However, with the 12-year continuous increase of grain from 2003 to 2015, the self-sufficiency rate of grain reached 80-90%, and the output was no longer the main goal of agricultural development. We gradually began to pay attention to the social, economic and environmental functions of agriculture, and this trend can also be clearly seen from China’s agricultural policies and rural revitalization strategies in recent years.

The transformation of agricultural technology and attributes brings new opportunities for economic development.

Let’s go back to the economic growth function:

Economic growth function: Y=F(A,K,L),

Y stands for total output, which can be understood as GDP；; A stands for innovation, K stands for capital investment, and L stands for human capital. That is to say, economic growth is a function of innovation, capital and labor.

In the period of dual development, agriculture continuously provides human capital (L) for the development of industrial sectors, but after the Lewis turning point, at our present stage, agriculture will promote economic development by promoting social innovation (A) and form an endogenous growth model driven by technological innovation.

How does agriculture promote innovation? Focus on the environmental function of agriculture.

Sustainable agriculture combined with rational planning, rural areas (including suburbs and towns) have healthy soil, high-quality water, biodiversity and beautiful natural landscape.

The first is industries based on beautiful environment, such as rural tourism, pension, health care, natural education and other industries. Beautiful environment is not only the core assets of these industries, but also provides new competitive advantages and stimulates industry innovation.

Secondly, a good environment will attract those enterprises suitable for telecommuting to settle in villages (or towns). Compared with big cities, rural areas have better natural environment, lower living costs, slower pace of life and cheap and fresh ingredients, which makes some R&D departments such as IT enterprises or high-tech enterprises begin to consider or are moving enterprises/departments out of big cities and into villages/towns.

In fact, the headquarters of many high-tech enterprises in Europe and America are located in some humble towns. There is a famous rural Silicon Valley in Japan, which is located in the once-depressed village-Kamiyama-CHO. Now, many places in China have begun to take advantage of the rural environment to develop innovative industries, as well as rural Silicon Valley. This approach not only reduces the costs of enterprises and employees in many aspects, but also brings employees a healthier life. At the same time, a beautiful environment can stimulate the creativity of enterprises and individuals and inject innovative vitality into the whole economic development.

The so-called "Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets", a good environment is not only an asset in itself, but also can empower more industries and society, stimulate innovation, and form an endogenous growth model driven by innovation.

summary

In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the progress of agriculture enabled us to get out of the Malthusian trap and the population doubled. However, due to the social system, a large number of people were stranded in the countryside and then involved.

With the reform and opening up and the activation of the system, a large number of surplus labor in agriculture has become a huge demographic dividend in the dual development model, achieving rapid growth for 30 years; When traveling to lewis turning point, the demographic dividend disappeared, and at the same time, with the retreat of late-comer advantage and environmental degradation, the growth slowed down;

The transformation of technology and attributes of agriculture brings new opportunities to China’s economy in the transition period. Sustainable agricultural technology can repair the environment. On the one hand, the environmental function of agriculture promotes economic growth with environmental capital, on the other hand, it stimulates innovation with environmental empowerment, thus forming an endogenous growth model driven by innovation.

References:

1. The most important thing for Cai Fang and China is to find new sources of growth.

2. Huang Zongzhi, "China’s hidden agricultural revolution"

3. ronald harry coase/Wang Ning, Transforming China: The Road to China in Market Economy.

4. the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, Rural Revitalization Strategic Plan (2018-2022).

5. Liang Jianzhang: Enlightenment of Paul Romer’s Nobel Prize in Economics to China.

6.World Bank and the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization，《Agriculture at a Crossroads- International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge,Science and Technology for Development》

[Introduction of titanium media author: Zheng Lun, founder of AgriReview of field observation, please send an email to 19222038@qq.com if you contact the author. 】

More exciting content, pay attention to titanium media micro-signal (ID: taimeiti), or download titanium media App.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Washington, April 14th (Reporter Pan Lijun, Yang Shilong) Georgieva, managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), said on the 13th that the fragmentation of global trade will cost the world and may even trigger the second cold war. She called on all parties to make rational decisions and avoid a new cold war.

　　On the same day, Georgieva said at a press conference of the IMF and the World Bank in the spring of 2023 that since the new crown epidemic and the Ukrainian crisis, the priority of ensuring the safety of supply chain and the reliable operation of global supply chain is reaching a new height in economic discussion and decision-making.

　　Georgieva said that the discussion on how to involve developing countries in the supply chain and explore a more dynamic global division of labor is good. However, she also pointed out that the appeal of "friendly shore outsourcing" or supply chain reliability is not only economic, but also geopolitical.

　　Georgieva called on all parties to make rational decisions and avoid pushing the world into the second cold war. She said that she had experienced the Cold War and knew that it would lead to brain drain, which was not conducive to world progress and did not want history to repeat itself.

On December 16th, Lectra Auto officially announced that its 08 EM-P car will soon push the Lynk Flyme Auto version 1.7.0 update. This update contains a number of new features and optimizations to enhance the user experience.

The updated contents include: supporting DC charging above -30℃ to enhance the charging ability in low temperature environment; App remote vehicle control function, which is convenient for users to operate vehicles remotely; The heating opening rate of the steering wheel is improved to improve the driving comfort in winter; The map accurately shows the countdown to the next traffic light, which can provide accurate information even in the road without green waves; HUD displays steering tips to enhance driving safety; STR ultra-electric quick start function improves the convenience of vehicle starting; The seat adjustment interface is optimized, from side view to top view, which is more intuitive and easy to understand; Harman Kardon virtual venue returns, and the panoramic sound of WANOS is preserved to enhance the sound experience; Add a cloud listening App to enrich the car entertainment content.

This update is expected to bring a smarter and more convenient driving experience to the owners of Lectra 08 EM-P.

Recently, the store’s CRV series promotion of the highest comprehensive discount 50,000, now the store is full of cars, complete colors, sales nationwide, no regional restrictions, complete procedures, can be settled all over the country, the national joint guarantee, provide pick-up service, all procedures go with the car, come to the store to buy a car without any additional conditions, welcome riders to the store to discuss in detail!

Reminder: During the event, call the car purchase hotline to have the opportunity to get a (20,000) decorative spree sponsored by the manufacturer. Considering that foreign customers come to Beijing to buy cars for a long way, (car purchase) can reimburse the one-way journey to Beijing [train tickets, high-speed rail tickets, air tickets (limited to two people) ] Considering that foreign customers are not familiar with Beijing road conditions. There is a free pick-up and drop-off in Beijing, welcome to the store to buy a car.

In terms of the appearance of the new Honda CRV, the new generation CR-V adopts Honda’s latest family-style appearance design. The front face adopts a hexagonal front air intake grille and adds thick chrome-plated decorative strips. The headlights are connected to the chrome-plated strips, and their internal structure has been readjusted and LED light sources have been added. From the side, the black plastic surround under the new car body and the silver anti-friction protection plate under the rear of the car add a touch of off-road temperament to the car. In terms of the appearance of the new Honda CRV, the new car’s taillights adopt a new "L" type design. At the same time, the exhaust layout of two sides has also improved the overall aesthetics. The new car has not changed much in terms of body size. The length, width and height are 4585 * 1855 * 1679mm respectively, and the wheelbase has increased slightly to 2660mm.

Interior: The 2020 new Honda CRV uses a 7-inch touch external screen similar to the suspension design, and the instrument panel also uses the most popular full LCD instrument, providing electric sunroof and panoramic sunroof options according to different configurations. Regardless of the launch time of the 2020 Honda CRV, the 2020 Honda CRV will only launch a 5-seat version in the early stage, and the 2020 Honda CRV Thailand version will be officially launched with a seven-seat layout. At present, it is not ruled out that the Honda CRV will launch a 7-seat model in China in the future.

In terms of power, the new generation CR-V is equipped with a 1.5T engine for the first time, with a maximum power of 142kW and a maximum torque of 243Nm, and is matched with a CVT gearbox and a 6-speed manual gearbox. In addition, the new car will add a hybrid version, equipped with a Honda i-MMD hybrid power system, composed of a 2.0L Atkinson engine, a dual electric motor, an E-CVT gearbox, a PCU power Control Unit and a lithium battery. Among them, the 2.0L engine has a maximum power of 107kW and a peak torque of 175Nm; the motor has a maximum power of 135kW and a peak torque of 315Nm; and the maximum combined power of the two is 158kW.

Our store promises:

1. The maximum discount during the event is 50,000 yuan.

2. The owner himself brings his ID card to the store to fill in the vehicle information. Foreign customers need to contact the sales manager in advance to go through the formalities.

3. The company solemnly promises that during the event, the purchase of any model on sale in the company can enjoy the lowest price in the country, and the price difference will be made up if you buy it.

4. All models on sale in our store are regular new commodity cars. You can enjoy the national joint guarantee three-guarantee policy. And you can get free first warranty and subsequent maintenance in a regular 4S store authorized by any manufacturer in the country.

5. Due to the purchase restriction policy in Beijing, the company is now fully developing the foreign market. The company can reimburse the toll for the successful purchase of cars by foreign friends in Beijing. (Reimburse the one-way fare for two people with valid bills)

　　[New car real shot] When it comes to British cars, what is the first thing we think of? It should not be strong power, nor should it be fashionable appearance, but should be gentle temperament and comfort that can be described as luxury. This Guangzhou Auto Show brought us the top model in the FJ8 series – the 8L Royal Extended Edition.

● The shape…

　　When I first saw the Jaguar XJ8L Royal Extended Edition, I felt that it was not significantly different from the ordinary version of the XJ8, and the shape was almost the same. The design of the front of the car can be called a classic shape of Jaguar cars, and the design of the four-round lights is classical and not cliché. The middle net inherits the mesh middle net of the previous generation XJ8 sports version. The flat and wide front gives the overall feeling that this car has a low center of gravity and looks stable and generous.

　　Turning to the back of the car, we saw the difference between the Jaguar XJ8L Royal Extended Edition and the regular version. The 5216mm body gives the impression that the car is very slender. Of course, the Jaguar XJ8 series models now available in the Chinese market are all long versions.

　　Another difference between the Jaguar XJ8L Royal Extended Edition and other models is that it uses an all-aluminum model, which greatly reduces the weight of the body and also enhances the rigidity of the body. We can most intuitively feel that Jaguar has controlled the weight of such a large body at about 1.6 tons, which is really admirable! However, after a traffic accident, the maintenance cost of the aluminum body is also high.

"The shape of the rear design is a classic beauty that remains unchanged."

　　The temperament of a British car is reflected in every little detail. The Jaguar logo hanging on the side of the body’s cooling gills is exquisitely crafted, but it is slightly awkward to place here.

　　The Jaguar XJ8L Royal Home version uses 20-inch oversized wheels, and the tire model is 255/35 ZR20. Compared with this large wheel, the XJ8 looks very small.

● The interior –

　　Pull the door open, and we won’t associate this environment with a luxury sports car that can generate 300 horsepower, because the interior style of the XJ8 series emphasizes comfort, which also shows that it is not used for drag racing.

　　Selected precious walnut, elm, by experienced, skilled British technicians hand-polished, flawless high-grade calfskin by skilled artisans hand-cut, sewn.

　　Sitting in the carriage of the Jaguar XJ8L Royal Extended Edition, you will obviously feel the same warmth as returning home. The hour clock will tell you the time, the system will guide you, and the feel of mahogany and leather is everywhere… Maybe this is the luxury that the British pursue.