The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other five departments jointly issued an action plan to accelerate the green and low-carbon innovation and development of power equipment.

　　Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Commerce

　　State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC)

　　The State Administration of Market Supervision on Accelerating Printing and Distributing

　　Notice of Action Plan for Green and Low-carbon Innovation and Development of Power Equipment

　　No.105 [2022] of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

　　Departments in charge of industry and information technology, finance, commerce, state-owned assets and market supervision of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities under separate state planning, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, relevant industry associations and relevant central enterprises:

　　The Action Plan for Accelerating the Green and Low-carbon Innovation and Development of Power Equipment is hereby printed and distributed to you. Please conscientiously implement it according to the actual situation.

　　Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

　　the Ministry of Finance

　　Ministry of Commerce

　　State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC)

　　State Administration for Market Regulation

　　August 24, 2022

　　Action Plan for Accelerating Green and Low-carbon Innovation and Development of Power Equipment

　　This action plan is formulated to thoroughly implement the major strategic decision of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on carbon neutrality in peak carbon dioxide emissions, promote clean energy production and electrification of energy consumption, promote the construction of new power systems, and accelerate the green and low-carbon innovative development of power equipment.

　　I. General requirements

　　(A) the guiding ideology

　　Guided by Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, we will fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the previous plenary sessions of the 19th National Congress, thoroughly implement the ecological civilization thought of the Supreme Leader, fully, accurately and comprehensively implement the new development concept based on the new development stage, build a new development pattern, adhere to market dominance, government guidance, innovation drive and industrial upgrading, take high-end intelligent and green development as the direction, and take green and low-carbon scientific and technological innovation as the drive. Taking application innovation and demonstration promotion as the starting point, we will accelerate the construction of equipment supply system to support clean production and green consumption of energy, promote the high-quality development of power equipment, and help peak carbon dioxide emissions achieve its goal smoothly.

　　(II) Main objectives

　　After 5-8 years, the supply structure of power equipment has been significantly improved, the transmission and distribution efficiency of power grid has been significantly improved, the development and demonstration application of high-end intelligent greening have been accelerated, and the international competitiveness has been further enhanced, which basically meets the needs of new power system construction that adapts to the high proportion and large-scale access of non-fossil energy. The flexibility of coal-fired generating units has exceeded 200 million kilowatts, and the supply capacity of renewable energy power generation equipment has been continuously improved. Wind power and solar power generation equipment meet the installed demand of more than 1.2 billion kilowatts, and nuclear power equipment meets the installed demand of 70 million kilowatts.

　　Second, the key tasks

　　(1) Green upgrade of equipment system

　　Coordinate the adjustment of the supply structure of power generation, transmission and distribution equipment, accelerate the development of clean and low-carbon power generation equipment around the construction of new power systems, improve the consumption and support capacity of power transmission and transformation equipment, accelerate the upgrading of power distribution equipment, improve the energy efficiency matching level of power equipment, and promote the recycling of resources.

　　1. Accelerate the development of clean and low-carbon power generation equipment. Promote the transformation of energy saving and carbon reduction, flexibility transformation and heating transformation of coal-fired power equipment. Accelerate the research and development of gas turbines. Promote the wide-load transformation of hydropower units, accelerate the development and application of variable-speed pumped storage and offshore pumped storage equipment, and study the key technologies of high-head impact hydropower units. Further accelerate the batch production of the third generation nuclear power and accelerate the research and development of the fourth generation nuclear power equipment. Promote the development of wind, light and storage integrated equipment, and promote the research and development of grid-type new energy power generation equipment. Accelerate the development and application of biomass energy equipment and development and utilization equipment such as ocean energy and geothermal energy. Efforts will be made to overcome technical equipment such as hydrogen production from renewable energy.

　　2. Improve the consumption and support capacity of power transmission and transformation equipment. Accelerate the development of UHV transmission and transformation equipment and flexible DC transmission equipment in view of the "double high" characteristics of high proportion of renewable energy and high proportion of power electronic equipment in the power grid and the demand characteristics of double load peaks in summer and winter. Aiming at safe, flexible, green and low-carbon transmission network technology and equipment, we will continue to develop generator circuit breakers and high-voltage vacuum switchgear with different voltage levels and interrupting capacities, and accelerate research and development breakthroughs in high-power power electronic devices and natural ester (plant) insulated oil transformers.

　　3. Accelerate the upgrading of distribution equipment. Develop protection and control power distribution equipment that meets the characteristics of "double height" and "double randomness" (randomness of distributed new energy and randomness of adjustable load) of new power systems. Relying on the construction of intelligent distribution network and active distribution network, we will speed up the flexible and controllable interconnection between power grids, actively develop smart microgrids focusing on the consumption of new energy, and accelerate the breakthrough of comprehensive energy management and utilization, multi-power optimization and interaction and other technical equipment.

　　4. Improve the matching level of energy efficiency of electrical equipment. Develop high-power density permanent magnet motors, synchronous reluctance motors, intelligent motors, ultra-efficient asynchronous motors and other products. Strengthen the development and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving transformers. Accelerate the popularization and application of energy-efficient electric boilers, electric furnaces and other equipment, and expand the substitution of electric energy in industries, transportation, construction and other fields. Accelerate the improvement of energy efficiency of energy-using systems, and carry out matching energy-saving transformation and operation control optimization of key electrical equipment systems. Promote the improvement of waste motor recycling system, encourage enterprises to carry out motor remanufacturing, and promote the application of remanufactured motor products.

　　Column 1 Key directions of green and low-carbon development in the top ten fields of power equipment

　　Promote the green and low-carbon development of power equipment in 10 fields, including thermal power, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, solar energy, hydrogen energy, energy storage, transmission, distribution and electricity consumption.

　　Thermal power equipment. Carry out research and application of technologies such as high efficiency, wide load, flexibility, quality improvement, energy saving and emission reduction, deep peak shaving, unit life extension and intelligence of in-service units and systems. Focus on the development of technologies and equipment such as coal-electricity multi-energy coupling and wind, light and water storage multi-energy complementary power generation, gas turbine power generation, carbon capture and utilization and storage, coal gasification combined cycle power generation and coal gasification fuel cell power generation.

　　Hydropower equipment. Focus on the development of technologies and equipment such as wide-load transformation and intelligent upgrading of hydropower units, ultra-high head impact units under complex geological conditions, variable-speed pumped storage and seawater pumped storage, tidal power stations and megawatt tidal current power generation, megawatt wave power generation, capacity increase and efficiency improvement of old hydropower units.

　　Nuclear power equipment. Focus on the development of nuclear-grade castings and forgings, key pump valves, control systems, nuclear-grade instruments and meters, cobalt-based welding materials, etc. Study and establish the verification database of nuclear power special software to support the development, optimization and upgrade of software system. Accelerate the standardization and pedigree development of the third generation nuclear power, and continue to promote the research and development and application of the fourth generation nuclear power reactors such as sodium-cooled fast reactor, high temperature gas-cooled reactor and lead-bismuth fast reactor. We will accelerate the research on cutting-edge disruptive technologies such as controlled nuclear fusion.

　　Wind power equipment. Focus on the development of onshore wind turbines above 8MW and offshore wind turbines above 13MW, and develop floating offshore wind power equipment in the deep sea. Break through the new fixed support structure, main bearing and key power module of converter of super-large offshore wind turbine. Increase the application of basic simulation software and sliding bearings, and research and develop the technical route of wind turbine blade retirement.

　　Solar equipment. Focus on developing high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaic cell technology. Research and development of highly reliable and intelligent photovoltaic modules and inverters with high voltage, high power and high heat dissipation efficiency, as well as key technologies such as intelligent fault detection and rapid positioning. Develop integrated operation and maintenance technology and intelligent photovoltaic management system based on new generation information technologies such as 5G, advanced computing and artificial intelligence. Actively develop solar photothermal power generation, and promote the establishment of multi-energy complementary integration of photothermal power generation, photovoltaic and energy storage. The implementation path of photovoltaic module resource utilization is studied.

　　Hydrogen energy equipment. Accelerate the research and development and application of hydrogen production, hydrogen fuel cell stacks and other technical equipment, and strengthen the key components of hydrogen fuel cells and long-distance pipeline hydrogen transmission technology.

　　Energy storage equipment. Greatly improve the reliability of electrochemical energy storage equipment, accelerate the development of compressed air energy storage and flywheel energy storage equipment, and develop multi-level fire safety protection technology and equipment for energy storage power stations. Research and development of on-line detection, state prediction and early warning technology and equipment for energy storage batteries and systems.

　　Transmission equipment. Focus on the research and development of offshore wind power flexible DC transmission and low frequency transmission, AC-DC hybrid distribution network system, switching arc, long-term live reliability evaluation of equipment and other technologies. Breakthrough the converter transformer on-load tap changer, bushing, intelligent components and other basic parts and components. We will develop high-end electrical steel low-loss transformers, thermoplastic environmental protection cable materials, new low-greenhouse-effect environmental protection insulating gases and other related equipment.

　　Power distribution equipment. Accelerate the development and application of digital sensors, power routers, power flow controllers, solid state circuit breakers and other protection and control core equipment. Accelerate the integration and application of new power distribution equipment and the construction of highly autonomous power distribution system in application scenarios such as data center, mobile communication and rail transit.

　　Electrical equipment. Focus on the development of class 2 and above energy-efficient motors, direct-drive and integrated permanent magnet/reluctance electric drive systems, ultra-efficient and high-torque electromechanical system assemblies, smart motors, microgrid and third-generation semiconductor frequency conversion power supply high-efficiency motor systems and electric drive equipment.

　　(B) Power equipment technology innovation and upgrading actions

　　Adhere to the drive of innovation, strengthen the dominant position of enterprise innovation, improve the industrial innovation system and industrial development ecology, promote the development of industrial clusters, and continuously enhance the competitiveness of industrial chain supply chain. Break through a number of key core technologies in the field of power equipment, build a number of innovative platforms and cultivate a number of industrial clusters.

　　5. Accelerate key core technology research. We will implement the industrial base reconstruction project, adopt such mechanisms as "unveiling the list" and "horse racing", support enterprises to increase investment in research and development, and accelerate the breakthrough of a number of basic parts, components, materials, software, technology and industrial technology foundations of power equipment. Promote the integration and innovation of new materials and power equipment, and promote the collaborative innovation of upstream and downstream of the industrial chain and the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements.

　　6. Strengthen the construction of innovation platform. Consolidate the dominant position of enterprise innovation, promote the concentration of innovation elements to enterprises, and promote the deep integration of Industry-University-Research. Focus on the priority development of complete sets of equipment, key components, key materials, key common technologies, etc., focusing on common technology research and development and public services, encourage leading enterprises in the industry to take the lead, and jointly build innovative platforms with universities, research institutes and upstream and downstream enterprises in the industry to promote the sharing and optimal allocation of resources of various scientific and technological forces.

　　7. Promote industrial agglomeration and enterprise financing development. Enlarge and strengthen the advanced manufacturing clusters of power equipment in Northeast China, East China, Southwest China and Northwest China. Relying on the national new industrialization demonstration base, etc., promote the development of power equipment industry cluster. Encourage complete machine enterprises to establish stable cooperative relations with supporting enterprises, cultivate specialized and innovative "little giant" enterprises and single champion enterprises in manufacturing industry, and accelerate the construction of an industrial development ecology with innovative collaboration, capacity sharing and supply chain interoperability.

　　(C) Network intelligent transformation and development actions

　　Deepen the integration with the new generation of information technology, accelerate the innovation and change of power equipment product form, research and development means, production mode and service mode, and promote the development of digital green service. Cultivate a number of intelligent manufacturing and industrial Internet benchmarking enterprises and demonstration parks in the field of power equipment.

　　8. Deepen the application of "5G+ Industrial Internet". Study the reference guide for the integration of industrial Internet and power equipment, and deepen the application of "5G+ industrial Internet" in the manufacturing, operation and maintenance of power equipment. Promote the construction of an Internet digital transformation promotion center for the power equipment industry and build a benchmark for 5G fully connected factories.

　　9. Accelerate intelligent manufacturing. Carry out pilot demonstration actions of intelligent manufacturing, build intelligent manufacturing demonstration factories, and concise excellent scenes of intelligent manufacturing. Build intelligent networked equipment, improve the real-time optimization ability of industrial control system, and strengthen the simulation and data analysis ability of industrial software.

　　10. Accelerate the transformation of service-oriented manufacturing. Accelerate the development of power equipment network service, promote remote operation and maintenance services in wind power, hydropower and other fields, promote product life cycle management in nuclear power field, and build Sharing Manufacturing factory in the field of low-voltage electrical appliances and high-efficiency motor manufacturing. Encourage the development of supply chain service enterprises, support manufacturing enterprises to extend the value chain and provide design services or comprehensive energy solutions.

　　(D) technical support and safeguard actions

　　Take the market as the main body, give full play to the role of the government, promote the better combination of effective market and promising government, improve the industrial technical service system, and guide the standardized development of the industry.

　　11. Strengthen the construction of technical standards system. Focusing on the development requirements of green, high efficiency and safety, we will promote the construction of national standard verification points and speed up the formulation and revision of national standards such as energy efficiency improvement and functional safety of power equipment. Improve the standard system of the whole industry chain such as new energy storage and hydrogen energy. Optimize UHV AC and DC equipment standards, promote the standardization of smart distribution network technology and equipment, and continuously improve the technical standards for energy efficiency of electrical equipment.

　　12. Promote the testing and certification of green and low-carbon equipment. Organize the formulation and revision of carbon emission accounting methods in key areas of power equipment, and promote the establishment of an industry carbon emission accounting method system with comprehensive coverage and scientific algorithm. Improve the green product standards, certification and labeling system, and explore the establishment of carbon neutral certification system for power equipment in peak carbon dioxide emissions.

　　(E) Action to promote application model innovation

　　Strengthen policy guidance and support, promote application innovation and popularization, and form a higher level dynamic balance of demand pulling supply and supply creating demand. We will build 3-5 test and verification platforms in the field of power equipment, carry out pilot applications of typical scenarios, and cultivate a number of high-quality brands.

　　13. Strengthen the promotion and application of policy guidance. Support the inclusion of qualified power equipment in the national and local relevant major technical equipment guidance catalogue, and study and publish the promotion and application guidance catalogue of major technical equipment. Use the first (set) of major technical equipment insurance compensation mechanism pilot, the first (set) evaluation and evaluation in the energy field, green procurement and other policies. Guide industry organizations and research institutions to build a docking platform between supply and demand, and accelerate the popularization and application of power equipment. Cultivate and build an internationally competitive "China Heavy Equipment" brand.

　　14 to carry out experimental verification and pilot application. Around the new power equipment such as Luyuan, Smart Grid, Load Reduction and New Storage, the first (set) test and verification platform for major technical equipment that meets the actual engineering application will be built. Give play to the leading role of major projects, encourage areas with foundation and conditions, and actively promote the popularization and application of technologies and products in key areas of power equipment.

　　Column 2 Key directions of popularization and application in ten fields of power equipment

　　Thermal power equipment. Accelerate the application of clean and efficient coal-fired power equipment at 630℃ and 650℃. Promote the application of supercritical carbon dioxide power generation technology. Construction of integrated large-scale carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage application projects in the whole process.

　　Hydropower equipment. Accelerate the application of high-power variable-speed pumped storage and seawater pumped storage equipment. Promote the complementarity of wind, water and nuclear energy.

　　Nuclear power equipment. Carry out comprehensive utilization of heat supply of active nuclear power equipment. Accelerate the optimization and upgrading of the third generation nuclear power, and promote the commercial application of small reactor heating, comprehensive utilization of small reactor nuclear energy and the application of floating reactors at sea.

　　Wind power equipment. Strengthen the survey, design and installation of offshore wind power in far-reaching waters. Promote the application of 12-15MW super-large offshore wind power equipment, and promote the integrated design, construction and application of floating wind power equipment foundation in offshore and deep water areas.

　　Solar equipment. Promote the industrialization of crystalline silicon solar cell technologies such as TOPCon, HJT, IBC and perovskite and laminated battery module technologies, carry out research and application of new high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaic cell technologies, and carry out pilot demonstrations and industrial applications of smart photovoltaics.

　　Hydrogen energy equipment. Carry out the application of key equipment and technology for hydrogen production, promote the application of renewable energy-hydrogen energy integrated energy system in different scenarios, and promote the application of long-distance pipeline hydrogen transmission and terminal equipment.

　　Energy storage equipment. Promote the application of 10MW super capacitors, high-power lithium-ion batteries and MW flywheel energy storage systems.

　　Transmission equipment. Accelerate the advanced coordinated control technology of new energy island DC access and the application of compact and lightweight offshore wind power booster station and low frequency transmission technology. Accelerate the popularization and application of environmental protection gas high-voltage switch and natural ester (plant) insulating oil transformer.

　　Power distribution equipment. We will carry out pilot projects such as regional distribution and demand response and carbon trading measurement. Explore the application of DC power distribution and bidirectional energy flow interactive power distribution system in new application scenarios such as new energy and new infrastructure.

　　Electrical equipment. Carry out the application of high-speed and high-efficiency permanent magnet motor system, permanent magnet auxiliary reluctance motor system and high-efficiency frequency conversion motor system, expand the technology and application boundary of motor and electric drive, and promote the application of related electric drive re-electrification.

　　15. Cultivate and promote the application of new models and new formats. Promote the integration of source, grid, load and storage and multi-energy complementarity, cultivate new application modes and formats such as wind power+and photovoltaic+,and accelerate multi-level and multi-time scale multi-energy complementary collaborative optimization.

　　Column 3 Cultivate and apply new modes and new formats

　　Wind power. In remote islands and other areas where the construction cost of transmission lines is high, the technology of hydrogen production from wind power and electrolyzed water will be developed. In areas such as islands with shortage of fresh water resources, the wind power+desalination model should be cultivated. In remote areas, promote distributed wind power+smart microgrid. In suitable offshore wind farms, promote the mode of wind power+fishery+tourism. Encourage the combination of desert, Gobi, desert and other scenes, and explore the pilot application of wind, scenery and storage integrated equipment around key power consumption enterprises.

　　Photovoltaic+. We will promote the integration of photovoltaic buildings in new factories and public buildings, support the composite development of agriculture (animal husbandry) and light complementation, fishery and light complementation, promote the integrated development of photovoltaic, 5G base stations and big data centers, and apply it in transportation fields such as new energy vehicle charging and replacing power stations and expressway service areas. Encourage the development of photovoltaic power stations in deserts, Gobi, deserts, barren hills, coastal beaches, coal mining subsidence areas, mine dumps and other areas.

　　Energy storage+. In areas rich in new energy resources, we will promote the pilot project of new energy storage+renewable energy power generation and integrated energy supply of scenery, fire and water storage. Around users such as big data centers, 5G base stations, industrial parks and highway service areas, we will develop new energy storage+distributed new energy, microgrid and incremental distribution network.

　　(VI) Electric Power Equipment Cooperation with Foreign Countries

　　Make full use of domestic and international markets and resources, speed up high-level going abroad, strengthen international industrial cooperation, and create new advantages in international cooperation and competition.

　　16. Promote electric equipment to go out. Focusing on building the "Belt and Road" with high quality, we will implement the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement in depth, and encourage superior power equipment enterprises to accelerate their going out in various ways. Guide enterprises to obtain internationally recognized service qualifications and drive technology, equipment, standards and services to go abroad. Support industry organizations to build a comprehensive service platform for going global information, and provide services such as law, consultation and risk assessment.

　　Column 4 Power Equipment Going Out Mode

　　Promote electric power equipment to go out in the direction of comprehensive output combining technology, capital and capability, develop the whole industry chain-style general contracting or turnkey projects, and continuously enhance the international competitiveness of leading enterprises.

　　Project contracting. Relying on overseas power engineering construction, we will speed up the expansion of renewable energy power generation equipment, power transmission and transformation equipment and electrical equipment to the international market in the form of "engineering+equipment+operation".

　　International marketing network. Promote enterprises to build and share a global marketing network and actively explore the international market. Support enterprises to set up product user enterprises in target countries and regions, and improve the marketing service system of going abroad.

　　Overseas base. Around the national opening-up strategy, speed up the construction of demonstration bases and parks for power equipment going abroad. Support enterprises to invest overseas to set up production bases and sales service bases, build suppliers that provide "package" solutions, and drive upstream and downstream related products to go out.

　　Foreign investment. Make full use of the advantages of super-large-scale market and industrial chain, and accelerate the advantageous enterprises to actively integrate into the global industrial chain supply chain value chain through investment and equity participation.

　　17. Deepen international exchanges and cooperation. Give play to the role of multi-bilateral cooperation and high-level dialogue mechanism, and strengthen international mutual recognition in technical standards, inspection and certification. Strengthen exchanges and experience sharing with international organizations such as CIGRE, IEC and IEEE. Support enterprises to strengthen exchanges and cooperation with overseas institutions in technology development, economic and trade exchanges and personnel training.

　　Third, safeguard measures

　　(A) to increase overall coordination.

　　Give full play to the role of the national major technical equipment office, adhere to the concept of system, and establish a collaborative working mechanism covering R&D, manufacturing, application and service. Strengthen the linkage between the central and local governments, and guide local industry authorities to introduce supporting measures in light of the actual situation. Give play to the role of industry organizations as a bridge, help implement policies in innovation, development, popularization and application, strengthen industry self-discipline and strengthen safety production. Relying on high-end think tanks and research institutions to carry out in-depth research and provide important decision support.

　　(B) to strengthen fiscal and taxation financial support

　　Implement preferential tax policies such as energy saving and water saving and comprehensive utilization of resources. Encourage financial institutions to provide credit support and other financial services to qualified power equipment enterprises under the premise of legal compliance, controllable risks and sustainable business. Give play to the role of national industrial integration as a platform and guide social capital to support the development of power equipment.

　　(3) Strengthen the training of professional talents

　　Support qualified institutions of higher learning to cooperate with enterprises and research institutes to cultivate high-end R&D, skills and management talents. Guide professional service institutions to innovate talent training mode and cultivate a group of high-end compound talents. Optimize the talent introduction mechanism, establish and improve the talent incentive system, and encourage enterprises to actively introduce overseas high-level talents.

　　(D) to create a good public opinion environment

　　Strengthen the guidance of public opinion, strengthen the publicity and reporting of typical projects and experiences, and create a good atmosphere for the green and low-carbon innovation and development of power equipment in the whole society. Encourage local governments, industry associations, leading enterprises to jointly hold power equipment exhibition forums, give play to the role of the World Clean Energy Equipment Conference, and build a platform for international exchanges, exhibitions and cooperation. Give play to the guiding role of authoritative media platform, flexibly use various forms, and strengthen the brand promotion of power equipment quality.

1905 movie network news Directed by Yuan Heping, supervised by Huang Baiming and Donnie Yen, starring Max Zhang, Dave Bautista and Ada, and featuring performances by Yang Ziqiong and Tony Jaa, the martial arts giant system starring Zheng Jiaying, Zhou Xiuna, Shi Yanneng and Tan Yaowen will land in major theaters across the country on December 21st. In the upcoming Christmas and New Year’s Day, it is bound to present a rich audience with the strongest star-playing lineup at home and abroad.

On November 30th, the first stop of the film was the "Foshan" roadshow. Director Yuan Heping returned to Ip Man’s hometown with starring Max Zhang and Chrissie Chau, and gathered with Mr. Ye Zhun, a descendant of Ip Man, at the opening ceremony of Foshan Wing Chun Competition, sharing the wing chun feast with nearly 20,000 spectators at the scene, and then lifting the kung fu craze. In the major local cinemas, the masters were even more surprised to show up and share the interesting things before and after the filming with the first audience in Foshan. Max Zhang laughed and said that first hero, directed by Yuan Heping, "waited for this time in 20 years", Chrissie Chau talked about filming and said "everything is worth it", and even a Colombian foreign boy showed off his great show, Wing Chun, and Foshan praised "the strongest kung fu film in 2018: steady and ruthless!"

Chrissie Chau, Max Zhang, Yuan Heping, returned to Ye Wen’s hometown with Wing Chun, and the "Foshan Everyone Will Wing Chun" Thousand People’s Competition rekindled the soul of Wu.

As a derivative of IP Man’s series of films, the film "IP Man: A Biography of Zhang Tianzhi" continues the story, telling the legendary story that Zhang Tianzhi, who is also a descendant of Wing Chun, went from being disheartened to getting out of his inner shadow, then rose again, cracked down on foreign drug dealers, defended national dignity and rekindled the spirit of Wing Chun. On November 30th, during the annual Foshan International Wing Chun Competition, director Yuan Heping and starring Max Zhang and Chrissie Chau gathered in Shishan and appeared at the opening ceremony of Shishan Civic Square. Foshan has a long history of martial arts culture and is a world-famous "Kung Fu City". As the masters of IP Man’s series "The Legend of IP Man: Zhang Tianzhi", Max Zhang and Chrissie Chau have said that they can come to the hometown of IP Man, the master of Wing Chun, with the film of Wing Chun — — Shishan Town, with more than 1,000 contestants from more than 20 countries and regions on the spot, exchanged the experience of wing chun and shared the bitterness and joy of kung fu, which is a rare experience that cannot be copied.

Wing Chun, as an important symbol of China Kung Fu, has influenced millions of martial arts fans at home and abroad in Qian Qian since Bruce Lee, Ip Man and Zhang Tianzhi. Among the more than 1,000 contestants in the Foshan Wing Chun Competition, 200 are foreigners. Yuan Heping, the director, said that routine boxing, snipers, wooden stakes, and actual combat of wing chun are all classic moves and events of wing chun, and he is looking forward to the wonderful confrontation between players from all over the world. Not only at the scene of the Wing Chun Competition, but also at the post-screening exchange meeting of Foshan Cinema, there was a wing Chun riddle who came to Foshan from Colombia, and showed classic movements such as "holding hands, finding bridges and pointing fingers" in an exemplary manner; Some fans even said that they would bring their own 1000 disciples to support the film release, and "Everyone in Foshan will sing the Spring Festival" really deserved its reputation. It is worth mentioning that at the opening ceremony of Foshan Wing Chun Competition, Master Ye Wen’s Cotyledon Zhun also appeared, and witnessed by the aerial camera, together with your masters and nearly 20,000 spectators, the soul of Wing Chun was rekindled.

　

Max Zhang, "the male actor who only appeared in the film of Eight Lords in 20 years", Chrissie Chau, "It’s worthwhile to pay", and Foshan audience praised "the strongest kung fu film in 2018"

As the first stop of the national roadshow, the film is in the "Kung Fu City" and the hometown of Wing Chun master Ye Wen — — Foshan, in the face of the parade of fellow villagers and elders, Yuan Heping laughed and said that he was nervous, hoping that all the heroes in Foshan would like it. When talking about this cooperation, Yuan Heping said with emotion that after 20 years of cooperation, Max Zhang was the first first hero to be his own film, and Max Zhang even laughed and said, "The hero of the Eight Lords film waited for this time in 20 years." A fighting fan at the scene said that the peak battle between Max Zhang and Dave Batista was very exciting, so you should get a perfect score! For such a powerful player as Batista, Yuan Heping also tailored a set of sparring moves for him and Max Zhang. It is the overwhelming disparity between them that makes the film climax after climax.

In the battle with Tony Jaa, in the face of the biting Thai boxing, Max Zhang, who used Wing Chun to fight, tried to be faster and more ruthless. In the movie, he presented a real fist fight, and even the scene of breaking the window with his bare hands was completed with zero special effects. At the movie-watching scene in Foshan, a movie fan who had participated in filming came to the scene. As a group performer, he said that he deeply realized the hard work and difficulty of filming kung fu dramas in the "Zhang Tianzhi" crew, and he must watch "Zhang Tianzhi" 20 times in the cinema to support the hard work of Max Zhang, Chrissie Chau and other actors.

As a female character who occupies half of the country, Chrissie Chau’s role left a deep impression on Foshan audience. In the movie "The Legend of Ip Man: Zhang Tianzhi", Chrissie Chau’s cheongsam looks very eye-catching and amazing, vividly reappearing the colorful and drunken Hong Kong. In the post-screening communication, many viewers said that her performance brought a lot of emotion, which was the most striking thing about the existence of lacrimal glands in the whole film, and she was deeply distressed by the "sacrifice" in her film. In this regard, Chrissie Chau said, not only is the experience of the characters in the film distressing, but in the actual shooting, it is also a real reaction that one’s nose and throat are red and retching under the intense stimulation in a scene filled with white powder, but it is worth everything for the sake of the film, the sacrifice in the film is worth it, and the hard work of shooting outside the play is even more worth it.

Faced with the dedication of the masters, the audience in Foshan, the "Kung Fu City", praised "this is the strongest Kung Fu film I have seen this year", saying that every kung fu scene in the film is highly ornamental and can be called "steady, accurate and ruthless". Every battle is hearty, and every move is powerful, skillful and shows the "Wing Chun spirit", which will surely sell well at the box office!

Original Xiao yin yin ke aesthetics

The summer vacation is coming, and the food raiders have swept the major platforms.

However, there are also some "great rewards for food" gradually.

Among them, Hangzhou, as the representative, was awarded the title of "gourmet desert" because of its special dishes with little merit.

Coincidentally, a debate about what is the real "gourmet desert" in China "swept the country"?

Is online celebrity Punching Cards Destroying Chinese Cuisine?

Recalling the past, the streets and alleys were all famous local snacks, and there were no very magical foods.

Chefs can always improve traditional recipes, handle various cuisines, and always find a family that wants to eat and delicious food in the streets and lanes.

Records about food can always capture the audience’s taste and attract people into the local area.

But I don’t know when it started. "What to eat" and "I don’t know" seem to be a curse that keeps circulating.

Online celebrity’s food punch-in places come and go, and the take-out list can’t be found, and even the fly restaurant has been stripped upside down by netizens.

Eating local specialties on the first day and laughing at McDonald’s and KFC on the second and third day has gradually become the standard for tourists.

Even the documentary about food, it seems, does not have the same dimension-breaking influence as China on the Tip of the Tongue.

With Beijing and Hangzhou as the center, no city can escape the trap of "gourmet desert".

Of course, it’s not that they haven’t tried hard, but they just seem to be on the road of "the harder they work, the sadder they get."

Some time ago, Hangzhou officials also proposed to give no more than 1 million subsidies to the units leading the production of hangzhou dishes.

The shock of the amount has caused many netizens’ chins.

Many cities’ cuisines still adhere to the principle of "takenism", and they will do and hold whatever is popular in other cities.

The little red book and Weibo are also frequently screened by dark dishes.

Lotus hot pot and jasmine tea hot pot that I can’t understand …

Fat intestines and Chili ice cream that are uncomfortable. …

There are also all kinds of dark foods that are "blooming and fascinating".

The official assistance and the food Sao operation initiated by many cities in order to attract people have made the discussion of urban food and food desert rise layer by layer.

This makes people wonder: Is there really no food in China on the tip of the tongue?

Why is food "desertified"?

Do people really have no food to eat?

Obviously, it is not.

The food desert is a food shortage, and now the food is getting more and more satisfactory.

People use eight cuisines to summarize the tastes of different regions, and those cities that have not formed local cuisines and accommodate various tastes are naturally crowned as "gourmet deserts".

After all, everyone doesn’t want to go to the food street in any city, and only grilled squid and stinky tofu are found.

Undeniably, fast food culture has had a great impact on food.

With the acceleration of urbanization, a large number of people have poured into the city, and a large number of catering industries have emerged.

Flowing migrant workers, iron fast food.

Most traditional cuisines have the characteristics of high price and long time, and it is only a matter of time for migrant workers to abandon them.

The Chinese fast food industry has experienced explosive growth in recent ten years. The fast food with porridge, rice and noodles as the main food can better satisfy Chinese’s appetite, and Chinese fast food has become the first choice for many couples’ shops and listed companies.

Fast food restaurants such as Lamian Noodles and Shaxian snack are all over the country.

Routine production process, fast food with fast, convenient and low price as its selling point, has become the choice of many busy urbanites.

Because of busy work, people who are willing to spend four or five hours cooking only exist in Little Red Books and Tik Tok. Coping with a meal is everyone’s general mentality.

When there are enough foods to choose from, eating will change from eating or not to being worthwhile.

It can be said that this is a two-way trip for migrant workers and fast food.

Local specialties in developed cities can’t develop either.

Developed cities like Hangzhou and Beijing are not without local dishes.

However, the development of these local dishes is more and more limited because of their own price polarization and poor taste.

Even some so-called century-old shops are dominated by words such as "unpalatable", "too expensive" and "never come again" on the food platform.

The combination of North-South food culture and chefs’ knowledge of various cuisines has put local cuisine in an embarrassing situation.

Local dishes hidden in the streets can’t get out of the streets at all.

It is difficult for people to experience the delicious taste in ancient poems, because they probably don’t know that the local dishes are simplified versions, which are not the most authentic taste at all.

Besides, Chinese’s taste is getting heavier.

Influenced by Sichuan and Hunan, people all over the country are becoming more and more salty and spicy.

The spicy taste of low-cost hot pot can satisfy the taste buds. Will there be many migrant workers willing to spend a lot of money to eat Longjing shrimp quietly?

At the same time, for most people, a major reason for the food desert is that they can’t find the memory of taste buds in other places.

Countless strangers are crowded in a city, and their food requirements may be more critical.

People’s definition of delicious food often comes from the taste they ate when they were growing up.

In this process, they gradually formed an understanding of "local authenticity". Unless it meets this standard, it is not authentic.

Food desert, really can’t be saved?

Who can save the deformed food circle?

Online celebrity cuisine, with its short and dazzling existence, has become a hot topic in people’s mouths.

People are scrambling to taste exotic foods, take photos with their mobile phones and eagerly upload them to social media.

The restaurant environment and the shape of the dishes affect people’s choice of eating.

These online celebrity delicacies, which often have amazing appearance and attractive production process, have aroused widespread concern and sharing.

With its unique appearance and colorful colors, it quickly became popular on the Internet, attracting a large number of diners who pursued novelty and excitement.

However, the popularity of these foods is not based on respect for traditional cooking skills and tastes, but aims at catering to the instantaneous visual impact and taste stimulation of the public.

When a kind of online celebrity cuisine has not had time to take root in the hearts of the public, another novel and attractive cuisine has quietly taken its place.

This rapid upgrading makes the fast-growing and fast-dying food unable to stay in people’s memory for a long time.

Although online celebrity cuisine has brought novelty and excitement to people, it often lacks real quality and depth.

It takes a lot of energy and time to build a gourmet culture.

For Chinese, eating is a kind of life and culture.

Song Saoyu Soup, Dongpo Meat, Puffed Meatballs and West Lake Vinegar Fish, the story of China for thousands of years has been spread behind a dish, and all the feelings of rivers and lakes and human history have been integrated into the dish.

What I ate was not food, but Chinese’s feelings and romance.

The skillful cooking process at the beginning of eat drink man woman captured the hearts of many audiences.

Qing Qing Daily also emphasizes regional culture and gourmet culture through the selection of Jiuchuan.

If diners don’t pay attention to the season and temperature of food, it is not surprising that the chef will spoil it.

Real food should stand the test of time and inherit the essence of culture.

Food must be appreciated by both diners and chefs to produce the most extreme taste.

Food has never been desert, but it is just a heart to eat and dishes that can’t go out.

Author: Law Man & Siming Mountain God

Editor: Ruolin

Original title: "online celebrity is punching in, accelerating the" gourmet desert "? 》

Read the original text

Cctv newsAccording to the website of China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, in order to further improve the supervision system of non-life insurance reserves, improve the internal control mechanism of reserve management of insurance companies, and standardize and effectively carry out reserve supervision, according to the Insurance Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), Measures for the Management of Non-life Insurance Reserves of Insurance Companies (Order No.11 of the Insurance Regulatory Commission of the Bank of China, 2021) and other laws and regulations, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission recently issued the Implementation Rules for the Management Measures for Non-life Insurance Reserves of Insurance Companies (No.1-7) (hereinafter referred to as ").

The main contents of the Implementation Rules include: first, to clarify the principles and methods of reserve evaluation, and to standardize the reasonable methods and assumptions used in reserve evaluation of insurance companies; The second is to stipulate the internal control process of reserve evaluation. When the reserve evaluation of an insurance company changes and has a significant impact, it should perform the process of submitting a resolution to the company’s board of directors; The third is to standardize the handling of reserve risk margin and discount, stipulate that the method of calculating risk margin should not be changed at will once it is determined, and clarify the duration standard of discount when evaluating reserve; Fourth, strengthen the management of the reserves of insurance companies’ branches, requiring insurance companies to objectively and fairly reflect the operating conditions of branches and not to artificially adjust them; The fifth is to standardize the retrospective analysis of reserves, and clarify the specific rectification measures that insurance companies should take when the retrospective results of reserves of insurance companies are greatly deviated; The sixth is to clarify the contents of the reserve evaluation report, standardize the specific information to be disclosed and the expression of actuarial opinions, and require insurance companies to fill in the reserve supervision report; Seventh, improve the working paper system for reserve evaluation, standardize the management of the preparation, review and use of working papers, and require insurance companies to keep working papers for future reference as required.

The promulgation and implementation of "Detailed Rules for Implementation" has effectively improved the scientific, rational and systematic supervision system of non-life insurance business reserves, and provided institutional guarantee for further strengthening the management of non-life insurance business reserves. In the next step, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission will guide and urge all insurance companies to conscientiously implement the Detailed Rules for Implementation, continuously improve the management level of non-life insurance business reserves, and promote the high-quality development of the insurance industry.

First, the insured object

In addition to the basic medical insurance for employees (hereinafter referred to as employee medical insurance), all urban and rural residents except those who enjoy other medical security systems in accordance with the regulations will implement the policy of holding residence permits, and primary and secondary school students and preschool children from other places will participate in residents’ medical insurance in their permanent residence. Encourage college students to participate in residents’ medical insurance at their school places, and implement relevant policies for participation.

Second, the payment standard

Individual payment standard, the implementation of the unified provisions of the province in 2024 residents medical insurance individual insurance payment standard, 400 yuan per person per year.

Three, special personnel insurance subsidy policy

The city’s residents’ medical insurance premiums are classified and funded by some insured individuals, and the insured funds are solved by financial funds and medical assistance funds. Insured persons who can enjoy multi-identity insurance subsidy have high or low subsidy standards and cannot enjoy the insurance subsidy policy repeatedly.

(a) poor people, orphans (including the fact that no one is raising children) to give full funding, the funds from the medical assistance fund.

(II) The minimum target is subsidized according to the quota of 240 yuan/person, and the insured funds are paid from the medical assistance fund. After enjoying the subsidy, the individual bears part of the 160 yuan/person and the insured pays it by himself.

(III) The poverty-stricken population identified by the agricultural and rural departments and the poverty-stricken population in rural areas that are easy to return to poverty (unstable poverty-stricken households, marginal poverty-stricken households, and sudden severe hardship households) are given a fixed subsidy according to 240 yuan/person. After enjoying the subsidy, some 160 yuan/person borne by individuals shall be paid by the insured.

(IV) The individual payment subsidy for eligible rural only-child parents and children under the age of 18 in this Municipality shall be implemented in accordance with the Notice on the Measures for Individual Payment Subsidies for Rural Only-child Parents in Shaanxi Province to Participate in Urban and Rural Residents’ Medical Insurance (No.36 [2023] of Shaanxi Wei Population).

Four, the insured payment and treatment to enjoy time

The centralized payment period of medical insurance for residents in the city is from September 26, 2024 to December 20, 2024. If it is necessary to extend or shorten the time of centralized payment due to special circumstances, the tax department shall notify the society after consultation with the medical insurance department, and the city shall implement it uniformly.

In 2024, residents’ medical insurance contributions will be paid back, from January 1, 2025 to March 31, 2025.

(A) the general staff insurance payment policy

The general insured shall pay the residents’ medical insurance premium during the centralized payment period, and the residents’ medical insurance benefits will be enjoyed from January 1, 2025 to December 31, 2025 after payment. Pay medical insurance premiums for urban and rural residents during the overdue period, and set a waiting period of 3 months for fixed treatment. Those who fail to pay the insurance premium in the centralized payment period or the supplementary payment period shall not enjoy the residents’ medical insurance benefits in the insured year.

(two) some special personnel insurance payment policy.

1. Workers’ medical insurance personnel

Those who need to participate in the residents’ medical insurance in the current year after the interruption of their medical insurance during the employee’s medical insurance period should apply for the registration of residents’ medical insurance in time after suspending the original insurance relationship. After the payment is completed according to the individual payment standard uniformly stipulated by the whole city, the treatment enjoyment period starts from the next month after participating in the residents’ medical insurance payment to December 31 or the date of change again.

2. Newborns

(1) From January 1, 2025, within 90 days after the birth of a newborn, the guardian shall register with the medical insurance agency at the place where the newborn is registered or where he lives, and pay the medical insurance premium of the residents in the year of birth. The treatment period is from the date of birth to December 31 of the year of birth; If the newborn fails to pay the medical insurance premium of the residents in the year of birth within 90 days, he can pay the insurance premium in accordance with the unified individual payment standard of the whole city in that year. After the payment is completed, the treatment period is from the month following the payment in the year of birth to December 31.

(2) The date of birth of the newborn is less than 90 days from December 31st of that year. If you enjoy the medical insurance benefits of the year of birth, you must pay the medical insurance premiums of the residents of the year of birth within 90 days after birth, and the period of enjoying the benefits is from the date of birth to December 31st of that year; If you enjoy the medical insurance benefits for the second year after birth, you must pay the medical insurance premium for the second year after birth within 90 days after birth, and the treatment period is from January 1 to December 31 of the following year; Failing to pay the corresponding annual residents’ medical insurance premium within 90 days, it shall be implemented according to the relevant provisions of the general staff’s insurance payment and enjoyment of treatment.

(3) If the newborn dies after birth, and the guardian pays for the insurance within 90 days from the date of birth, the medical expenses incurred after birth shall be reimbursed according to the policy.

3. College students

(1) In those years, college students who have enrolled and new college students are based on their school status and take the school (campus) as the unit. After paying the insurance premium, they will enjoy the residents’ medical insurance benefits from the date of payment completion. If you are a person who enjoys government-funded insurance, you can choose to participate in the school registration or identity recognition, and enjoy the residents’ medical insurance benefits according to regulations.

(2) The insured college students who graduated this year in the insured year will enjoy the medical insurance benefits in Shangluo until December 31st of the current year. After graduation, those who participate in employee medical insurance or move out of Shangluo City or move into other cities shall be handled in accordance with relevant regulations.

4. Others

(1) Special personnel who are not insured during the centralized payment period or the supplementary payment period, and need to be insured after the start of the treatment enjoyment period, and the policy allows them to be insured, after completing the insurance payment according to the individual payment standard stipulated by the province, the treatment enjoyment period is counted from the month after the residents’ medical insurance payment.

(2) The insured persons who enjoy classified funding for individual contributions should be insured during the centralized payment period. Those who are not insured during the centralized payment period do not enjoy the classified funding policy for individual contributions, but can enjoy the original medical insurance benefits after paying according to the individual payment standards stipulated by the province. The treatment enjoyment period is counted from the month after the residents’ medical insurance payment.

(3) Persons who change their identities dynamically during the insured year will enjoy the corresponding medical insurance benefits for their new identities after their identity changes from the next month. Persons who change their identity during the hospitalization period of different months shall be hospitalized in accordance with the principle of benefiting the treatment of the insured.

(4) Establish an incentive mechanism for serious illness insurance benefits for residents’ medical insurance continuous insured personnel and zero reimbursement personnel. Since 2025, the maximum payment limit for serious illness insurance will be reduced by 3,000 yuan for those who have been insured again; For the insured who have participated in the residents’ medical insurance for 4 years in a row, the maximum payment limit for serious illness will be increased by 3,000 yuan for each consecutive year. For the residents’ medical insurance insured with zero reimbursement from the fund in that year, the maximum payment limit of serious illness insurance will be increased by 3,000 yuan in the following year. Continuous insurance incentives and zero reimbursement incentives, the total increase does not exceed 20% of the city’s major illness insurance capping line. After the residents are reimbursed for serious illness and use the incentive amount, the zero reimbursement incentive amount accumulated in the previous period will be cleared. If you are insured again after the insurance is broken, the number of years of continuous insurance will be recalculated.

(5) Since 2025, except for special groups such as newborns, the waiting period for fixed treatment after enrollment will be set at 3 months for those who have not been insured during the centralized enrollment period of residents’ medical insurance; Among them, for those who have not been insured continuously, the waiting period of variable treatment will be increased by 1 month on the basis of fixed treatment waiting period in principle, and the insured can repair the waiting period of variable treatment by paying fees, which can be reduced by 1 month for each additional year. For those who have been paid continuously for 4 years or more, the sum of fixed treatment waiting period and variable treatment waiting period after repair is not less than 6 months in principle. The payment standard is implemented according to the individual payment standard of urban and rural residents in the city.

V. Insurance registration

The tax department has no information about the newly-added personnel to be insured, or those who need to adjust their insurance payment places in the new insurance year. They must hold the valid proof of their household registration, the residence permit issued by the public security department of their long-term residence, and their valid ID cards (those with special personnel identity must carry relevant identification certificates) to go to the medical insurance agency where their household registration or residence permit is located for insurance registration.

Sixth, payment channels

(1) "Shaanxi Taxation" WeChat WeChat official account; "Shangluo Taxation" WeChat WeChat official account;

(2) Rural Credit Bank: all business outlets, self-service equipment, mobile banking, online banking, e-terminal for helping farmers, and Shaanxi Rural Credit WeChat WeChat official account;

(3) Qinnong Bank: all business outlets, self-service equipment and e-terminals for helping farmers;

(4) Alipay: the social security section of the Citizen Center and the "Shaanxi Social Security Payment" applet (you can check the payment certificate of my real name registration after payment through all channels);

(5) China UnionPay: China Unionpay Quick Pass APP (Shaanxi Social Security Payment); "Shaanxi social security payment" WeChat applet, WeChat city service-service hall-social security;

(6) Everbright Bank: WeChat city service, "social security cloud payment" APPlet, cloud payment app, and mobile banking;

(7) China Construction Bank: all business outlets, mobile banking, smart teller machines, Yunongtong financial service points, code scanning payment and Qin clerk APP；;

(8) ICBC: all business outlets, mobile banking, smart terminals of outlets, "ICBC Shaanxi Branch" WeChat WeChat official account, and ICBC e-payment QR code scanning;

(9) Agricultural Bank: all business outlets, mobile banking and scanning code payment;

(10) Bank of China: all business outlets and mobile banking;

(11) China Merchants Bank: Mobile banking.

Seven, payment bills

(1) If the payer pays the basic medical insurance premium for urban and rural residents through various channels of financial institutions, the payment shall be based on the electronic order payment voucher, the small ticket printed by self-service equipment or the Special Note for Social Insurance Fee Payment for Urban and Rural Residents in Shaanxi Province printed on the bank counter.

(2) If the payer pays the basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents through Shaanxi Tax WeChat WeChat official account, UnionPay "China Unionpay Quick Pass", Everbright Bank WeChat applet "Social Security Cloud Payment" and Alipay, the payment voucher of the electronic order can be used as the basis for payment. If paper payment bills are really necessary, please pay through the bank counter and obtain special payment bills, or go to the tax service hall of the competent tax department of the insured place to print the tax payment certificate 3 days after the payment is completed.

(3) Online acquisition method of payment voucher: After the payer completes payment through any channel for 3 days, he can select the social security payment voucher for urban and rural residents to print through Alipay-Citizen Center-Social Security; Or search "Shaanxi Electronic Taxation Bureau" and select "Certificate of Tax Payment (Fee) for Social Insurance Fees of Urban and Rural Residents" for printing.

Eight, medical insurance refund

After the insured person successfully pays the fee, he will enter the treatment enjoyment period (after January 1, 2025), and the individual payment will not be returned. Before the treatment enjoyment period, due to death, repeated payment, participation in employee medical insurance or participation in residents’ medical insurance in other overall planning areas, the personal refund can be handled at the same time when the relevant residents’ medical insurance participation relationship is terminated before the treatment enjoyment period begins.

The application for refund of the insured shall be submitted by the payer to the tax department of the original place of payment, and the refund shall be completed by the medical department of the original place of payment after the final approval of the medical department of the original place of payment.

IX. Inter-annual settlement

Cross-year medical insurance settlement for urban and rural residents who are insured continuously in the overall planning area shall be handled in accordance with the annual settlement policy of the discharge time of insured patients.

Cross-year and cross-regional insured inpatients shall be settled separately according to the settlement policies of different insured areas in the natural year.

notice is hereby given (that)

Shangluo Taxation Bureau of State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China

Shangluo medical security bureau

September 25, 2024

Policy interpretation:

@ Shangluo people, the medical insurance payment for urban and rural residents began in 2024!

How to pay residents’ medical insurance fees for their families with employee medical insurance personal accounts?

Ten Questions and Ten Answers on Basic Medical Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents in Shangluo City

　　On November 11th, "Singles Day" is just around the corner, and single people have once again become the focus of social attention. Yesterday, the third issue of the series report on the status quo of single people in 2016 (hereinafter referred to as the "report") released by zhenai showed that the average monthly disposable income reached 8,000 yuan for golden singles; Guangzhou-Shenzhen women set a threshold of 10,000 yuan in salary for mate selection; Over six adults agree with "spare tire" dating; Shanghai and Hangzhou spend more than 10,000 honeymoon budgets to lead the honeymoon local tyrants list; Nanjing is the last place to live with parents after single marriage.

　　This report is mainly aimed at the online sampling survey of 100 million members in zhenai, with a total of 4,555 valid samples, which comprehensively analyzes the economic situation, spouse selection and marriage view of singles.

　　single economy

　　"Golden Singles" have more women than men.

　　In the "Chopper Party" bought by "double 11" buy buy, the consumption power of single people is not to mention, and the monthly disposable income also directly determines the quality of personal life. According to the report, over 50% of single men and women have an average monthly disposable income of 3,000-5,000 yuan, while nearly 30% have an average monthly disposable income of 5,000-8,000 yuan, and 10% have an average monthly disposable income of more than 8,000 yuan.

　　Single men and women with an average disposable income of over 8,000 yuan per month are called golden singles, with Shanghai accounting for the largest proportion of singles, followed by Beijing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou and Guangzhou. It is interesting to find in the report that the proportion of single women is higher than that of single men among people with an average disposable income of over 8,000 yuan per month. In first-tier cities, the number of single women with independent economy and high spending power is also increasing.

　　Spouse selection requirements

　　Women in Beijing demand high monthly income from their boyfriends.

　　Through the process of blind date, it can be found that income is one of the important factors for single men and women to consider when choosing a spouse. According to the report, with the development of material economy, women’s economic requirements in mate selection have also risen. More than 80% of single women think that 5,000 yuan is the starting point of men’s income, that is, the "passing line". Among them, 67.06% of single women require men’s monthly income to be 5,000-10,000 yuan, while 25.02% require their monthly income to exceed 10,000 yuan. Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou rank among the top five cities in China with high demands on men’s income. However, men’s income requirements for women are generally low — — 80% of the men said that the other half would be willing to accept it if their income was less than 5,000 yuan, and there was no special requirement.

　　In addition to income, there are many factors to consider when choosing a spouse. According to the survey, 42.78% of women think it is very important to be suitable in marriage, while 90.17% of single men think that feelings are more important when they enter marriage, and a good family is not a necessary condition.

　　Choice of spouse vision

　　178cm for men and 163cm for women are the most popular.

　　People who are difficult to take off their orders are often considered to be demanding and too picky. And is this the case? According to the report, it is not only men who are "visual animals", but nearly 70% of single women think that their partner’s appearance is "very important" when choosing a spouse, and they have higher requirements for men’s height and body shape. In contrast, less than 40% of single men attach great importance to each other’s appearance and height and size.

　　The single men and women interviewed also gave their most expected height range, among which men with 178cm, 180cm and 175cm were the most popular among women, while men preferred women with 163cm, 168cm and 160cm in height.

　　In terms of age, 80% of single men tend to find a partner younger than themselves, and 65% of them want the other half to be less than 7 years younger. Among women, more than 90% said that the other half must be older than themselves in the future, and 85.7% of them had an ideal age difference of less than 7 years. As can be seen from the data, the age difference in mate selection is within 7 years.

　　Characteristics of mate selection

　　Over 60% of adults approve of spare tire dating.

　　In the process of choosing a spouse, most single men and women think that it is not wrong to date more than one person at the same time before the formal relationship is established. The data shows that 64.23% of single men and women think that they can date 2-3 people at the same time before determining the relationship, and then make a comprehensive understanding before making a decision.

　　With the increase of divorce rate, the number of divorced singles is also increasing. Traditionally, divorced people are hard to find a partner, especially for divorced single women. However, the survey in zhenai showed that over 70% of single men and women said they didn’t mind that the other person was remarried.

　　As the touchstone of marriage, cohabitation before marriage is increasingly accepted by society. According to the survey in zhenai, 73.79% of the single men and women interviewed said that they accepted cohabitation before marriage, especially for men, and over 80% of single men thought cohabitation was necessary. However, as far as women are concerned, only 60% of women accept premarital cohabitation, among which post-80s women have the highest acceptance, followed by post-70s women, while post-90s women have less than 50% of people who accept premarital love, preferring to have their own independent space rather than being tied to family life prematurely.

　　honeymoon trip

　　More than half of men and women prefer to travel overseas.

　　The survey shows that the longing for honeymoon trip is the most anticipated part of the wish to leave the order. 58.17% of men and women think that they will choose to go overseas to make their honeymoon trip more memorable, even though they have more time to travel in China. Among them, the proportion of women who choose overseas travel is as high as 72.15%. As for the location, Australia is loved by 45.6% of young men and women because of its characteristics of "romantic island country" and "natural scenery". The second place on the wish list is Northern Europe. Nearly 30% of single men and women think that Nordic countries such as Switzerland and Denmark are full of fairy tales, and honeymoon trips should be as wonderful as fairy tales. The third place is the domestic honeymoon trip, and the reasons for choosing the domestic tour are closeness in human geography, convenience in language communication, safety and suitable consumption level.

　　According to the report, the honeymoon spending list is similar to the monthly average disposable income list: 70% of single men and women in Shanghai and Hangzhou said that they are willing to spend more than 10,000 yuan per person on honeymoon trips, followed by Beijing, with a budget of over 60%. However, in cities with relatively frugal honeymoon budgets, single men and women in Changsha, Xi ‘an and Jinan admit that they will not spend too much on honeymoon trips.

　　Family relations

　　Nanjing is the last place to live with parents after single marriage.

　　According to the survey, although most single men and women don’t mind living with their parents, it is undeniable that more than 40% of single men and women expect to go their separate ways with their parents after marriage. Among them, Nanjing has the highest proportion of single men and women, reaching 63.63%, followed by Jinan and Shenzhen, showing their attitude towards living independently after marriage.

　　According to the survey, 81.06% of single men and women want to have one or two children after marriage, but although the country has opened up a second child, there are still more single men and women who tend to have one child than those who have two children. In addition, girls seem to become more popular, and more than 60% of single men and women prefer to have girls.

CCTV News:On April 14th, Shu Yuting, spokesperson of the Ministry of Commerce, said that since the beginning of this year, China’s foreign trade has withstood the pressure and started well on the whole, laying a good foundation for achieving the annual target.

Shu Yuting said that in the first quarter, China’s total import and export volume reached 9.42 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 10.7%. However, we should also be soberly aware that the environment for foreign trade development is becoming more severe and complicated, and we are facing many risks and challenges.

From an international perspective, the bottleneck of global supply chain has not been alleviated, inflationary pressure has risen, monetary policies in major economies have tightened, and the growth rate of global economy and trade has declined. On April 12th, the WTO lowered its forecast of global economic and trade growth in 2022 by 1.3 and 1.7 percentage points respectively.

From the domestic point of view, local epidemics have occurred frequently recently, and the production and operation of some foreign trade enterprises have been affected, logistics and transportation have been blocked, the supply chain in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta has been sluggish, and the comprehensive cost of enterprises has remained high.

At the same time, however, China’s foreign trade industry has a solid foundation, and the long-term positive fundamentals have not changed. There are still many favorable conditions to achieve the goal of maintaining stability and improving quality in imports and exports.

Shu Yuting, spokesperson of the Ministry of Commerce:The Ministry of Commerce will continue to pay close attention to the changes in the situation, do a good job in the implementation of the policies that have been introduced to stabilize foreign trade, study effective new policies, open up blocking points, solve difficulties and eliminate pain points, fully ensure the stable and smooth supply chain of the foreign trade industry chain, help foreign trade enterprises solve difficulties, and strive to keep foreign trade running in a reasonable range throughout the year.

Cctv newsOn the morning of September 9, the National Health and Wellness Commission held a press conference to introduce the progress and effectiveness of international cooperation and exchange on health and wellness since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. It was introduced at the meeting that in the past ten years, China has actively participated in international organizations and regional cooperation mechanisms in the field of health and shared China’s experience. Actively participate in and host international conferences at ministerial level and above, and successfully co-host the 9th Global Health Promotion Conference with WHO in 2016; At the World Health Assembly, he promoted and passed many resolutions such as safe medication for children and traditional medicine, and took the lead in holding side events on health system, health and poverty alleviation; Five emergency medical teams in China have been certified by WHO; Successfully passed the WHO malaria elimination certification, and China’s malaria prevention and control experience was included in the WHO technical guide; Traditional medicine has been formally incorporated into the latest International Classification of Diseases, which provides a Chinese plan for promoting global health.

From 2014 to 2015, China sent more than 1,200 clinical and public health experts to fully assist countries in West Africa to control the Ebola epidemic and successfully achieve the goal of "winning the battle and zero infection". Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, China has maintained close communication with WHO and relevant countries and regions, shared information such as Covid-19’s gene sequence as soon as possible, announced the diagnosis and treatment plan and prevention and control plan as soon as possible, promptly and openly reported the epidemic information, held technical exchange activities with more than 180 countries and more than 10 international organizations around the world, sent anti-epidemic medical experts to 34 countries, and shared China’s experience in fighting the epidemic with all parties without reservation. Over the past decade, we have carried out pragmatic cooperation with countries and international organizations around the world, and carried out pragmatic cooperation projects such as joint prevention and control of malaria and dengue fever and maternal and child health in neighboring countries. Over the past ten years, we have continuously sent China medical team members to countries in need to provide assistance, cooperated with 46 hospitals in 41 countries in Africa, and conducted free clinics for cataract recovery and heart surgery in more than 30 countries, treating 22 million patients and saving countless lives. More than 2,000 medical team members have won national honors at home and abroad. In addition, we also support Hong Kong and Macao to integrate into the overall situation of national health and healthy development, actively implement various policies of benefiting Taiwan in the field of health and health, and work together with Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan to fight the COVID-19 epidemic and protect the health and well-being of all people.

Group photo of guests

People’s Daily Online, Beijing, March 19 (Wang Xiaohua) This year’s government work report puts forward that "people-centered development ideas should be adhered to, and efforts should be made to safeguard and improve people’s livelihood, and the people’s sense of gain has been continuously enhanced." Since the first three-year "Action Plan for Further Improving Medical Services" was officially launched in 2015, hospitals at all levels have made positive achievements in innovating service measures and improving people’s medical experience in view of the "bottleneck" problem of medical treatment. With the launch of the new round of improving medical service plan, how to make "seeing a doctor more comfortable, providing more considerate services and increasing people’s sense of obtaining medical treatment"?

During the two sessions of the National People’s Congress in 2018, People’s Daily Online and People’s Health jointly organized a series of roundtable forums on "Healthy Chinese". In the special session of "Further Improving Medical Services" held on March 15th, five guests from government agencies and medical institutions gathered at People’s Daily Online to discuss the beneficial measures of "Further Improving Medical Services".

Innovating medical service mode and improving patients’ accessibility to medical treatment

Jiao Yahui, deputy director of the Medical Administration and Hospital Authority of the National Health and Family Planning Commission, said that after the expiration of the first three-year "Medical Service Improvement Plan", patients’ access and satisfaction were improved through the extensive application of information technology, improvement of service quality, acceleration of sinking of resources and continuous improvement of medical services.

Jiao Yahui introduced that since China launched the first three-year "Action Plan for Further Improving Medical Services" in 2015, the service process has been optimized by means of Internet informationization, which has alleviated the long-standing problem of "three long and one short" (long waiting time for medical treatment, long payment time, long time for taking medicine and short time for seeing a doctor). Through the innovative service model, the number of patients going to and from the hospital, repeated queuing in the hospital, the whole waiting time for outpatient service and the average length of stay were effectively reduced.

According to the data of 5.87 million valid questionnaires of real-time online satisfaction survey, the overall satisfaction of outpatients and inpatients in tertiary hospitals in China reached 90.7 points and 93.9 points; The analysis of 28.83 million pieces of information related to medical services on the Internet shows that netizens’ overall feelings about medical services are positive, which fully reflects the positive results achieved in improving medical services in the past three years.

Building emergency specialist alliance and opening up the "green channel" for emergency patients

Li Weimin, deputy to the National People’s Congress and president of west china hospital, said that this year, Huaxi Hospital will focus on optimizing the medical treatment mode and improving the satisfaction of emergency patients. At the same time, through the construction of emergency specialist alliance, the information triage before emergency admission can be realized, and the rescue and treatment resources can be dispatched in time, so as to truly open a green channel for emergency patients to check and be admitted to hospital.

Li Weimin introduced that since the establishment of the telemedicine network in West China Hospital in 2001, more than 640 hospitals in 20 provinces and cities across the country have joined the telemedicine network, providing telemedicine education and multidisciplinary joint consultation for difficult cases in remote areas and ethnic minority areas, which not only enables grassroots patients to get timely diagnosis and quality treatment programs, but also improves the local medical service level.

Take effective measures to promote the appointment and medical association system

Feng Guosheng, chairman of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, introduced the effective measures taken by Beijing Chaoyang Hospital in improving medical services in recent years. He pointed out that in terms of appointment diagnosis and treatment, since 2012, Chaoyang Hospital has adopted various forms to carry out appointment registration services to facilitate patients to see a doctor. In the process of diagnosis and treatment, the appointment time, including the examination time, is accurate to 15 minutes, which greatly reduces the waiting time of patients in the hospital and obviously improves the medical environment.

In terms of vigorously developing the construction of medical associations, in 2012, Chaoyang Hospital established a medical association with Chaoyang Hospital as the core and secondary hospitals and community medical centers as participants under the guidance of the government. Through the standardized operation within the medical association, more patients with common diseases and chronic diseases can enjoy the high-quality medical resources of large hospitals at their doorsteps.

Feng Guosheng said that Chaoyang Hospital has also realized telemedicine through information technology, and further strengthened the innovation of outpatient services, such as setting up symptom clinics and special disease clinics to facilitate patients to seek medical treatment.

Extend the service to the grassroots level and let more children enjoy health.

Ni Xin, dean of Beijing Children’s Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, pointed out that Beijing Children’s Hospital has implemented a comprehensive appointment system for non-emergency patients since June 2015. Through a variety of ways, patients are guided and facilitated to make appointments and time-sharing visits, so that the waiting time of patients is shortened, the peak flow of outpatients is reduced, and the medical experience is significantly improved. These methods mainly include: dynamically adjusting staff and improving service space; Implement centralized appointment for large-scale examinations to reduce patients’ running back and forth; Increase voluntary service and improve the online and offline guidance system; Open professional outpatient service and expert team outpatient service to make the process of treating intractable diseases more convenient.

Ni Xin introduced that in order to facilitate children to seek medical treatment nearby, Beijing Children’s Hospital and Children’s Research Institute took the lead to promote the common development of pediatrics in 16 municipal general hospitals in Beijing. By hosting three children’s hospitals, the medical level of local hospitals has been further improved. Beijing Children’s Hospital and 23 provincial children’s hospitals across the country set up a cross-provincial specialist alliance to achieve the goal of "doctors move and patients don’t move". In the next step, we will use artificial intelligence to comprehensively improve the level of medical services, extend services to the grassroots, increase support for poor areas, and let more children enjoy health.

Carry out the comprehensive upgrade of information system for the construction of smart hospitals

Jiang Lihong, deputy to the National People’s Congress and president of the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, said that in the past three years, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province has actively implemented the improvement of medical services, mainly focusing on two themes, and has achieved certain results: First, the construction of smart hospitals. The hospital information system has been upgraded in an all-round way, and the people’s appointment registration rate has increased from about 30% to more than 91% after the new system goes online. The hospital implemented the one-card service, and invested in the construction of 126 self-service machines. Patients can register for ID cards or medical insurance cards.

The second is the construction of medical association and graded diagnosis and treatment. People in Yunnan Province, especially in mountainous areas, live in scattered areas, and fewer patients in Yunnan Province are transferred to other provinces for medical treatment. The demand for medical associations and graded diagnosis and treatment is more urgent. The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province and 215 state (city) and county hospitals in the province formed a medical association, and 3-5 specialists were selected from 33 state-level hospitals to form a specialist alliance. At the same time, 6 provincial-level expert grass-roots workstations and 66 secondary hospitals and community expert teams were set up to build a "joint laboratory for precision medicine and eugenics" with the hospitals in the medical association, forming a multi-level assistance mechanism such as hospitals, specialist alliances and expert teams.

?　　Foreword　　

In 1993, Belgian scientists discovered a new antibody-nano-antibody (VHHs) in camel serum, which is different from the traditional antibody structure and only consists of heavy chain variable regions. Compared with traditional antibodies, nano-antibodies have the advantages of stable physical and chemical properties, low immunogenicity, strong tissue permeability, and can recognize epitopes that traditional antibodies cannot recognize, which makes them a strong and beneficial supplement to traditional antibodies.

Nano-antibody is only composed of heavy chain variable region, with small molecular weight and simple structure, which enables it to realize stable expression in various expression systems. So far, VHHs has been expressed in many expression systems, from prokaryotic cells, yeast, fungi, insect cells, mammalian cell lines to plants. This paper mainly introduces the expression of nano-antibody in different expression systems, and the present situation and development trend in the field of this system.

Prokaryotic expression system　Prokaryotic expression system is the earliest mature protein expression system studied. Obtaining foreign proteins through prokaryotes can obtain gene expression products in a short time, and the cost required is relatively low. The expression system mainly includes Escherichia coli expression, Bacillus subtilis expression and Streptomyces expression. Among them, Escherichia coli system is the most widely used, and the prokaryotic system generally refers to the expression of Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli expression system　Escherichia coli expression system is the most important expression platform of recombinant protein in laboratory environment, and the expression is controlled by lactose operon. The host of Escherichia coli system has the advantages of fast growth, simple culture, low price, clear genetic background and high protein expression. However, it can not modify the expression product after translation, and the expression product contains a lot of endotoxin and is easy to form inclusion bodies.

Common host bacteria of Escherichia coli expression system

Periplasmic space, as the only compartment with oxidation environment in Escherichia coli, is the most commonly used expression system of nano-antibodies containing specific disulfide bonds. In addition to aerobic environment, there are many partners and isomerases in the periplasmic space, which can promote the correct formation of disulfide bonds and help protein fold. Nano-antibody protein is first produced in the cytoplasmic space, and then secreted into the periplasmic space through Sec pathway, SPR pathway or Tat pathway. After signal peptide is removed by signal peptidase, the target protein can be obtained [1].

Up to now, many VHHs have been successfully expressed in periplasm, some of which can reach tens of milligrams per liter, but there are still a lot of VHHs with low yield. This is because many fusion proteins can not be effectively secreted in the periplasmic space, and cytoplasmic expression seems to be the only expression mode of such fusion proteins [8].

The cytoplasm is a reduced compartment, so that the proteins expressed through the cytoplasm can not be folded correctly, and most of them are inclusion body proteins. The proteins are protected from the degradation of intracellular enzymes and are easy to be separated in high purity and concentration. However, there are many kinds of proteins in cytoplasm, and it is difficult to purify them. At the same time, nonfunctional inclusion proteins need to be completely denatured and refolded to be recovered from these inclusions, but the recovery of VHHs is usually inefficient [1]. In order to solve the problem of cytoplasmic expression, Xue X and others designed a new dialysis-dilution device in 2016. Using this device, researchers refolded VHHs and achieved a recovery rate of 85%, while the conventional dialysis and dilution methods only reached 13%[9]. Bacterial cytoplasm can be an effective compartment to produce correctly folded nanoparticles when expressed by recombinant vectors with sulfhydryl oxidase and disulfide isomerase activities. Larger volume and wider cytoplasm of chaperone/folding enzyme can achieve high yield of nano-antibody [6]. At the same time, double mutants with defects in thioredoxin and glutathione pathways have been developed. Some of these strains have been sold commercially in recent years, such as Origami (Novagen), Rosetta-gami (Novagen) and SHuffle?T7 (New England Biolabs) [10]. Among them, Shufflet 7 overexpresses a critical periplasmic isomerase DsbC, which can effectively catalyze the isomerization of disulfide bonds. Some studies have found that,The activity of isomerase DsbC can increase the yield of functional recombinant protein in periplasmic research [11].　　

Kavousipour Soudabeh and other modified vectors added four different signal peptide sequences to guide the secretion and expression of nano-antibodies, and found that TrBC signal peptide had the best effect [5]. Jianli Yu et al. used repetitive amino acid sequence motifs (GAGAGS) found in silk fibroin (SFP) as a new fusion tag (SF-tag) to enhance the expression of nanosomes in E.coli.. The transcription level of labeled protein is 2.3-7.0 times that of unlabeled protein, and the yield is increased by 2.5-7.1 times [27]. Xi Xie and others tried to select antifreeze protein AXX, and obtained its reverse transcription protein XXA by synthesizing XXA gene, which was used to develop new soluble fusion tags. It was found that the solubility ratio of fusion protein expressed by XXA fusion tag reached 86%, which was much higher than that of other tags [12].

Other prokaryotic expression systems　Lactic acid bacteria are the most common intestinal probiotics, which are generally considered to be harmless to human body and are very suitable for the production host of therapeutic molecules. However, the existing expression data show that the yield of VHHS produced by lactic acid bacteria is low, about 1-3mg/L, which is much lower than that of Escherichia coli [13,14]. Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM14870, as a normal flora in human vagina, can express HIV antibody in the form of soluble or cell wall anchor fixation, and is a suitable expression host for HIV antibody [2]. When Bacillus brevis choshinensis was used for 3L fed-batch fermentation, the yield was as high as 3g/L[15]. This system is easy to manipulate genes, has no endotoxin and shows weak protease activity, so it is a very noteworthy system.

Eukaryotic expression system　

Due to the defects of prokaryotic expression system, such as difficult purification of inclusion body protein and incomplete protein modification, people began to use eukaryotic expression system to study genes. At present, eukaryotic expression systems commonly used in genetic engineering research include yeast expression system, insect cell expression system and mammalian cell expression system.

Yeast expression system　Yeast system has clear genetic background, simple operation, easy genetic operation, perfect eukaryotic protein expression control system and advantages of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems. Yeast eukaryotic protein expression systems include methanol yeast expression system, Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system, Schizosaccharomyces expression system and Kluyveromyces expression system [17].

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the first yeast fermented by human beings, which has no specific virus and low cost. At present, it is the largest yeast expression system in shake flask culture, with the output exceeding 100mg/L[16]. Some amino acids in VHHs can participate in the recruitment of molecular chaperones in endoplasmic reticulum, thus narrowing the difference of molecular chaperones between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian cells, which is beneficial to the folding kinetics of nano-antibodies and improving the yield of nano-antibodies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [17]. The protein expressed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is prone to hyperglycosylation, and a large number of endogenous proteins are produced during fermentation, so the secretion efficiency of the target protein is low [1]. Considering the above problems, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is gradually replaced by methanol yeast represented by Pichia pastoris.

Pichia pastoris expression system is an efficient expression system of foreign proteins. This microorganism does not accumulate toxic ethanol, but only secretes a few endogenous proteins, and its glycosylation degree is the same as that of mammalian cells, so its immunogenicity is weak, so it is the most commonly used eukaryotic expression system. Pichia pastoris has a strictly regulated methanol inducible AOX1 promoter, which is suitable for high expression of foreign proteins [1]. But methanol is a highly toxic and dangerous chemical product. The GAP promoter without methanol induction is used instead of AXOI, and the carbon source does not need to be changed during the culture process, so the operation is simpler and the time for foreign proteins to reach the peak level can be shortened. The yield and affinity of nanoparticles produced by this system are similar to those produced by methanol-induced expression. It has been studied that the yield of nano-antibody expressed by this system in shake flask is 51.71mg/L[18] and 16mg/L[19].

Fungal expression system　

Some filamentous fungi, such as Trichoderma and Aspergillus, can secrete a large number of foreign proteins in the culture medium. However, the fungal system not only expresses protein of interest, but also produces many proteases, which affects the yield. Joosten et al. obtained only 1.5 mg/L VHHs in Aspergillus awamori medium. After adding 0.25% BSA, it reached 7 mg/L. It is reported that more than 80% of VHH is degraded or adhered to the cell wall compared with endogenous xylanase secreted efficiently in this system, and researchers believe that the low secretion efficiency of VHHs is the bottleneck of fungal expression [20]. In order to overcome this limitation and protect VHHs from degradation, other researchers fused VHH with the high amylase A signal sequence (sTAA) of Rhizopus oryzae lipase (N28) and the N-terminal 28 amino acid fragment (N28), so that the highest yield of VHHs expressed in Aspergillus oryzae reached 73mg/L, which was 300-800 mg/L lower than that of Escherichia coli [21]. The final yield of GlaB-VHH fusion protein in Aspergillus oryzae can reach 610mg/L, which provides the possibility for high expression of nano-antibody, but its stability needs to be verified [22]. In addition, VHH[23] was expressed by maize head smut in unconventional secretion pathway.

Insect cell expression system　

Insect cells are a widely used eukaryotic expression system, and recombinant baculovirus vectors (such as AcMNPV) can specifically transfect insect cells. Its survival in nature is short, and the strong promoter is inactivated in mammals and cannot infect vertebrates, so the recombinant baculovirus is safe for human beings. Proteins with complex structures under the control of strong promoters may not be able to form correct folding and post-translation modification, which may lead to the aggregation of target proteins and reduce antibody production, so the expression yield of VHHs in this system is much higher than that of other types of antibodies [17].

Gómez-Sebastián and others used the improved baculovirus expression system (IBES? technology) to express VHHs for the first time. The chigger larvae were inoculated with different recombinant baculovirus inoculation methods. The yield of VHH extracted from larvae is 257 mg/L, and the recovery rate after purification is 50%[7]. When expressing anti-endothelial cell selection protein, Drosophila cell SC-2 secreted 12-14mg/L, but the target protein was not detected when expressed in Escherichia coli at the same time, which may be related to the processing and modification ability of insect cells [26].

Mammalian cell expression system　Mammalian cells are the best expression system for therapeutic antibodies, because the produced antibodies have the weakest immunogenicity. At present, the main cell lines include CHO, NS0, Sp2/0, HEK293 and per C6 [17]. Among them, CHO cells grow rapidly and adapt to serum-free suspension culture, which is the most popular host. They can express VHHS up to 100mg/L in shake flask [24]. HEK293 cells are more commonly used in the laboratory because of transient transfection and semi-stable expression, because they require less time and labor. However, monoclonal antibodies approved for the treatment of human diseases are only produced by CHO, NS0 and SP2/0. So far, HEK293 cells have not been used to produce VHHs, and there are few reports about producing antibody fragments by this method [17]. In most literatures, CHO is used to produce antibody fragments. Up to now, 50% of the therapeutic proteins produced in industry are still produced by CHO [1]. The production costs associated with mammalian cell lines are much higher than those associated with any other laboratory research platform.

Common host cells of mammalian expression system

Plant expression system　Compared with other expression systems, plant production platform (stable and transient expression system) is cheap, safe, capable of folding and assembling complex proteins and post-translation modification, easy to expand, and unaffected by human pathogens and diseases. It is an ideal protein expression host and is usually used as an alternative method for mammalian expression systems. In addition, plant expression products can be concentrated in specific organs, such as leaves or seeds, and can be taken orally directly. Tobacco leaves are the most common hosts for expressing VHHs, while the proteins expressed in Arabidopsis and rice seeds have attracted much attention because of their direct oral input of VHHs[1]. The stable transformation methods commonly used in plant system expression have some problems, such as the recombinant gene escaping to nature or the time-consuming transformation. Therefore, some studies have proposed the transient expression system of plant virus expression vector as an alternative method, and the nano-body content with correct conformation reaches 0.45% of the total soluble protein [25].

Present situation and development of nano-antibody expression　

Escherichia coli expression system is the most commonly used expression system of nano-antibody, which has two expression modes: periplasmic expression and cytoplasmic expression, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Some oxidation engineering strains have been modified, but more experimental support is needed. In addition, various methods of modifying vectors, such as adding labels or signal peptides, have been put forward and have been verified by experiments. Compared with Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris has excessive glycosylation, which may lead to immunogenicity and ultimately affect its clinical application. The expression systems of fungi, insects, plants and mammals are much more complicated than prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems, and are generally not easily adopted after considering the production time, cost and laboratory conditions.

Escherichia coli system is fast, convenient and cheap, and it is the first choice for VHH expression under most laboratory conditions. When some types of VHHs can’t be successfully produced in E.coli, other systems will be used instead.

List of nano-antibody expression