Expert consultant:

Yuan Yuan, Chief Duty Officer of National Climate Center in Flood Season.

Chen Yu, Chief of Climate Service Office of National Climate Center

Li Ying, Senior Engineer of Meteorological Disaster Risk Management Office of National Climate Center

After entering the light summer solar term on July 7, it ushered in the first stage on July 16, and we are about to face the test of "steaming up and cooking down" in the dog days. Since mid-June, many places in China have started the high-temperature "roasting mode" ahead of schedule, and many cities have experienced high-temperature weather above 40 C. Meteorological data tell you how fierce this wave of high temperature is.

How hot is it this summer?

-There are 71 national weather stations that have broken through historical extremes.

Since June 13th, China has experienced the first regional high-temperature weather process this year, and many places have continued to experience high temperature and summer heat. The Central Meteorological Observatory has issued high-temperature warnings for several consecutive days.

As of July 12, the high temperature event has lasted for 30 days, covering China’s land area of 5.021 million square kilometers and affecting more than 900 million people. The average number of high temperature days in China reached 5.3 days, 2.4 days more than normal, the highest in the same period since 1961. Among them, the number of high temperature days in most parts of East China, Central China, Northeast Southwest China, southwestern Shaanxi, southwestern Shanxi and southern Xinjiang is 5 to 10 days more than normal. The number of high temperature days in northwestern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, most of Henan, northwestern Hubei, southeastern Shaanxi and northeastern Chongqing is more than 10 days than normal.

Since June, the daily maximum temperature of 238 national meteorological stations in Hebei, Henan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Xinjiang and other places has exceeded the monthly extreme value, and the daily maximum temperature of 71 national meteorological stations has exceeded the historical extreme value. Among the top ten stations with high temperature values, the daily maximum temperature in Lingshou, Hebei (44.2℃, June 25th), Gaocheng (44.1℃, June 25th), Zhengding (44.0℃, June 25th) and Yanjin, Yunnan (44.0℃, July 11th) exceeded 44℃. The daily maximum temperature in Lanzhou, Gansu (37.6℃, June 24th), Yinchuan, Ningxia (37.2℃, June 16th), Tianjin (40.1℃, June 25th) and other provincial capitals or municipalities directly under the central government exceeded the monthly maximum. Shanghai Xujiahui Station not only had the earliest high temperature of 40℃ on July 10th, but also reached 40.9℃ at 14: 30 on July 13th, tying the highest temperature record since the local meteorological record (1873).

June 25th is the day with the largest number of high temperature extreme stations since June, in which the daily maximum temperature of 28 stations exceeded the historical extreme value, and the top ten stations with daily maximum temperature all appeared in Hebei.

According to the monitoring index of regional high temperature process, considering the influence scope, intensity and duration of high temperature events, the comprehensive intensity of this event is the sixth strongest since 1961, second only to 2013, 2017, 2003, 1966 and 2019. Since 2000, the typical years of large-scale sustained high temperature events in China are 2003, 2013 and 2017. Generally speaking, this year’s high temperature event started earlier than the above three years, and the duration and the number of historical extreme high temperature stations are not as good as these three years. Although the influence scope and the maximum temperature of a single station are not as good as 2017, they have exceeded 2003 and 2013.

Comparison between high temperature events in 2022 and typical historical events Source: National Climate Center.

Early warning data can also show the "off the charts" degree of high temperature. Since June (as of July 13th), except Heilongjiang and Liaoning, 29 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) have issued 15,008 high-temperature warnings, including 1,869 red warnings, 8,931 orange warnings, 4,122 yellow warnings and 86 blue warnings. Among them, the number of high temperature warnings issued on July 10 was the highest, with 857. Henan, Hunan, Shaanxi, Hebei and Sichuan are the provinces that issue the most high-temperature warnings. The top ten provinces that have issued high temperature warnings for the longest time in a row are Henan (31 days), Xinjiang (20 days), Anhui (19 days), Shaanxi (17 days), Sichuan (17 days), Shanxi (13 days), Gansu (13 days), Hebei (12 days), Jiangsu (12 days) and Yunnan (12 days)

From June 1st to July 13th, the top five provinces of high temperature warning release data source: National Early Warning Information Release Center.

　The northern hemisphere suffered a "heat wave"

-Extreme high temperatures are hitting many parts of the world.

Extreme high temperature weather is continuing around the world, and high temperature heat wave events spread in Europe, East Asia and North America, and the highest temperature at the same time exceeded the historical extreme.

In mid-June, Europe generally suffered from high temperature and heat waves. On June 10th, hot weather began to appear in Portugal. On the 13th, the temperature in central and southern Spain has exceeded 40℃; On the 18th, the highest peak of this round of high temperature weather occurred in France. As many as 70 provinces issued high temperature warnings, and high temperature records in many places were broken. On the 19th, a record high temperature occurred in Germany, and a forest fire broke out in Brandenburg, forcing about 620 residents to evacuate.

In mid-June, record high temperatures spread from the Great Plains of the United States to the Mississippi Valley and the southeast. More than 125 million people in most States in the central and eastern United States are under high temperature warning, which is more than one third of the population of the United States.

On the afternoon of June 25th, the temperature in Isezaki, Gunma Prefecture, Japan reached 40.2℃, the highest temperature in June since Japan had meteorological records.

Global average temperature anomaly in June 2022 Image source: Global Severe Weather Monitoring Monthly Report.

Why is the high temperature so fierce and strong?

-Global warming and abnormal atmospheric circulation are the main causes.

The sixth assessment report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) points out that global warming is happening at an unprecedented speed since 2000 in the last 50 years, and the instability of the climate system is increasing. UN Secretary-General antonio guterres called it a "red alert for all mankind". Global warming is the climate background of frequent high-temperature heat waves in the northern hemisphere, and abnormal atmospheric circulation is the direct cause of frequent high-temperature heat waves in many places around the world since June this year.

Since June this year, over the northern hemisphere subtropical zone, the western Pacific subtropical high zone, the Atlantic high zone and the Iranian high zone have all been enhanced in stages, thus forming a large-scale global warm high zone. Under the control of warm and high-pressure belts, the prevalence of downward flow is conducive to the ground warming. In addition, under the action of a wide range of high-pressure belts, the air is relatively dry and it is not easy to form clouds, which also makes solar radiation reach the ground more easily, leading to frequent high temperatures and strong intensity, which in turn leads to persistent high-temperature heat waves in many places in the northern hemisphere.

Specific to China, the ongoing La Ni? a event has provided an important climatic background for the occurrence and development of high temperature in the south since June this year, especially in July, when the development of the mid-latitude warm and high pressure belt strengthened, resulting in a large-scale high temperature weather. According to statistical analysis, in the summer following most La Nina events, the western Pacific subtropical high (referred to as subtropical high) tends to be northward. Since late June this year, the subtropical high has moved northward, especially after Typhoon Siam moved northward in early July. The subtropical high has been extended westward, and the Iranian high has been extended eastward. Combined with the mid-latitude continental high, a stable warm and high pressure zone has been formed over China, which has caused a wide range of high temperature weather. In addition, due to the water vapor carried by the subtropical high, the humidity in the central and eastern regions of China is relatively high, which makes the human body temperature higher.

Compared with previous years, since July this year, the Iranian high has been extended eastward to form a huge warm high pressure belt with the western Pacific subtropical high and the mid-latitude continental high, which is rare in history. Historically, high-temperature heat waves occurred in Jiangnan, South China, Sichuan and Chongqing due to the extension of subtropical high to the west, or high temperatures continued in northwest China and Xinjiang due to the stable maintenance of continental high. Therefore, this year, the high temperature range is relatively large, the duration is long, and the extremes are also prominent.

From June 1 to July 12, the number of high temperature days in many places in China exceeded 30 days. Source: National Climate Center.

The high temperature will continue

—— Do not treat health protection in production and life lightly.

According to the forecast of the Central Meteorological Observatory, as of July 26, there will be many hot weather in southern China and other places. From July 13th to 16th, it was hot and rainy in Sichuan Basin, Shaanxi Guanzhong, Jianghan, Jianghuai, Jiangnan and South China. From 17th to 20th, there will be rain in Sichuan Basin, Jianghan, Jianghuai, the western and northern parts of the south of the Yangtze River, and the northwestern part of South China, and the high temperature weather will be alleviated, while the southeastern part of the south of the Yangtze River and the eastern part of South China will continue to be hot and muggy. After the 21st, the high temperature in the south will develop again, and the scope will be expanded.

The National Climate Center predicts that from July 27 to August 11, the temperature in most parts of China will be higher than normal, and the temperature in western Inner Mongolia, Shanghai, Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang will be 1℃~2℃ higher, which may lead to a long-lasting high temperature weather process.

High temperature weather will have a great impact on power supply, people’s production, life and health. The public should try to avoid outdoor activities at high temperature, and shorten working hours when working at high temperature. We should pay special attention to heatstroke, prevent, identify and treat it early, especially for the old, weak, sick and young people. Attention should also be paid to the safety of electricity consumption in hot weather, and the power sector should respond to the deployment in advance to prevent the supply shortage and fire hazards caused by the surge in electricity consumption and excessive power load.

(Author: Luan Fei Yan Hong Wang Meili Cartography: Zhao Miao Source: National Climate Center National Early Warning Information Release Center Editor: Minglu Zhang)

Recently, The 12th International Conference on Learning Presentations (ICLR 2024), one of the top conferences in the field of international machine learning, announced the paper recruitment list. Professor Lu Baoliang from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering of School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, together with Shanghai Zero Unique Technology Co., Ltd., has been selected as the ICLR 2024 Spotlight paper "Large Brain Model for Learning Generic Representations with Tremendorus EEG Data in BCI". There are 7,262 papers submitted worldwide, with an overall acceptance rate of about 31%, of which 5% were selected as Spotlight papers.

Research background

At present, deep learning models based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are usually designed for specific data sets or brain-computer interface (BCI) application tasks, which limits the scale of the model and fails to give full play to the representation ability of EEG signals. Recently, Large Language Model (LLM) has made epoch-making progress in text processing. Under this background, Professor Lu Baoliang’s team started to study large-scale EEG model (LEM). Although they are in different fields, they have something in common in the task of data decoding. Researchers use the successful concept of text processing for reference to explore new methods for analyzing EEG signals and building brain-computer interface models, and expand the scientific research vision and application prospects in this field.

However, compared with text data, EEG data sets are usually very small in scale and different in format. The development of large-scale EEG models faces the following challenges:

1) Lack of sufficient EEG data

Compared with natural language and image data, it is extremely difficult to collect large-scale EEG data. In addition, the annotation of EEG data usually requires a lot of energy from domain experts, resulting in only a small number of labeled data sets can be used for specific tasks in BCI, and the EEG signals of these tasks are usually collected from a few subjects, and the duration is usually less than tens of hours. Therefore, there is not a large enough EEG data set to support the training of LEM.

2) Diversified configuration of 2)EEG signal acquisition.

Although there is an international 10-20 system to ensure the standardization of EEG signal acquisition, users can still choose to use EEG caps with different electrode numbers or patch electrodes to collect EEG data according to actual application needs. Therefore, how to process EEG data in different formats to match the input unit of neural Transformer is still a problem to be explored.

3) Lack of effective learning paradigm of EEG representation.

The low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of EEG data and different types of noise are very difficult problems. In addition, balancing temporal and spatial features is very important for effective EEG representation learning. Although there are various EEG representation learning paradigms based on deep learning (such as CNN, RNN and GNN) that can be used to process the original EEG data, many researchers still tend to design artificial EEG features because of the above problems.

research results

The goal of this paper is to design a general large-scale EEG model called LaBraM. The model can effectively process various EEG data with different channels and lengths. Through unsupervised training of a large number of EEG data, the research team envisages that the model will have universal EEG representation ability, so that it can quickly adapt to various downstream tasks of EEG. In order to train LaBraM, researchers collected more than 2,500 hours of EEG data of various tasks and formats from 20 public EEG data sets.

Firstly, the original EEG signal is divided into EEG signal channel segments to solve the problem of different electrodes and time lengths. Neural markers with rich semantics are trained by vector quantization neural spectrum prediction to generate neural vocabulary. Specifically, the marker is trained by predicting the Fourier spectrum of the original signal. During the pre-training, some EEG segments will be masked, and the goal of neural Transformer is to predict the masked marks from the visible segments. The research team pre-trained three models with different parameter sizes, 5.8 million, 46 million and 369 million, which is by far the largest model in BCI field. Subsequently, the research team fine-tuned them on four different types of downstream tasks, including classification and regression.

Fig. 1 overall architecture of lab ram. First, all the input EEG signals will be divided into EEG signal segments through a fixed-length time window, and then the time characteristics will be extracted by applying a time encoder to each segment. Then, temporal and spatial embedding is added to segment features to carry temporal and spatial information. Finally, the embedded sequence is transmitted to the Transformer encoder in fragment order to obtain the final output.

In this paper, neural Transformer is introduced, which is a general architecture for decoding EEG signals, and can process any input EEG signals with any number of channels and length of time, as shown in Figure 1. The key operation to achieve this goal is to divide EEG signals into blocks, which is inspired by fragment embedding in images. Because of the high resolution of EEG in time domain, it is very important to extract time features before segment interaction through self-attention. A time domain encoder composed of multiple time domain convolution blocks is used to encode each EEG segment into segments for embedding. Temporal convolution block consists of one-dimensional convolution layer, group normalization layer and GELU activation function. In order to make the model aware of the temporal and spatial information of fragment embedding, the researchers initialized a temporal embedding list and a spatial embedding list. For any fragment, the corresponding temporal embedding and spatial embedding are added to the fragment embedding. Finally, the embedded sequence will be directly input into the Transformer encoder.

This paper verifies the effectiveness of LaBraM on two downstream task datasets: TUAB and TUEV. We designed three different configurations of LaBraM: LaBraM-Base, LaBraM-Large and LaBraM-Huge. The parameters of LaBraM-Base are 5.8M, LaBraM-Large is 46M and LaBraM-Huge is 369M.

Tables 1 and 2 above list the best baseline results of TUAB and TUEV and the results of LaBraM. Obviously, LaBraM-Base model is superior to all baseline models in various evaluation indexes of these two tasks. Especially in the more challenging TUEV multi-class classification task, the model has achieved significant performance improvement. It is observed that with the increase of model parameters, LaBraM-Huge model performs best, followed by LaBraM-Large model, and finally LaBraM-Base model. The research team believes that this good performance is attributed to the increase of pre-training data and model parameters. The paper concludes that as long as there is enough EEG data, large-scale EEG models can learn more general EEG representations, thus improving the performance of EEG signals in various downstream tasks.

Figure 2 compares the performance of the model on TUAB and TUEV data sets, and whether it is included in the pre-training process.

In the pre-training process, the research team hopes that the model can learn the general EEG representation that is not specific to any specific task. Although tag data is not used in the pre-training, in order to eliminate the influence of pre-training data on downstream tasks, this paper compares whether the downstream task data set is included in the pre-training results. It is worth noting that the records of TUAB and TUEV do not intersect with the records of pre-training data sets. As shown in Figure 2, whether the downstream task data set is included in the pre-training process of the model has little influence on the performance of the model on downstream tasks. This shows that the model has the ability to learn general EEG representation, and provides guidance for collecting more EEG data in the future, that is, researchers do not need to spend a lot of energy labeling EEG data in the pre-training process.

Author information

Jiang Weibang, a Ph.D. student in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, is the first author of this paper, and Dr. Zhao Liming from Shanghai Zero Unique Technology Co., Ltd. and Professor Lu Baoliang from the Department of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiaotong University are co-authors of this paper.

Lv Baoliang, Professor of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Professor Guangci of Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, doctoral supervisor, IEEE Fellow. He is currently the director of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Interaction and Cognitive Engineering of Shanghai Jiaotong University, the executive dean of Qingyuan Research Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University, the co-director of Brain-Computer Interface and Neural Regulation Center of Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, the director of the joint laboratory of encephalopathy center-Mihayou of Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, and the founder and chief scientist of Shanghai Zero Unique Technology Co., Ltd. He is the editorial board member of IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, Journal of Neural Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems, Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence and Journal of intelligence science and technology.Won the 2022 Asia-Pacific Neural Network Society Outstanding Achievement Award, ACMM 2022 Top Paper Award, and 2021 IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing Best Paper Award. The first prize of Wu Wenjun Artificial Intelligence Natural Science in 2020 and the Best Paper Award of IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development in 2018 were selected into Elsevier’s list of highly cited scholars in China in 2020, 2021 and 2022. The main research fields include the theory and model of bionic computing, deep learning, emotional intelligence, emotional brain-computer interface and its application in the diagnosis and treatment of emotional disorders.

Paper link：https://openreview.net/forum? id=QzTpTRVtrP

Acupuncture has become a business card for China culture to go global.

With the gradual spread to the west, the popularity of acupuncture therapy in some developed countries even surpassed that of China. It is worth noting that in recent years, with the rise of "western medical acupuncture", the development of acupuncture in the world is experiencing "de-China".

Chinese acupuncture, where to go?

one

Acupuncture, hot!

In the early 1970s, there was an "acupuncture fever" in America.

In the summer of 1971, James Reston, then vice president of The New York Times, visited China at the invitation of the China government. During this period, due to sudden acute appendicitis, Reston was admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital and underwent appendectomy. On the second day after operation, Reston developed abdominal pain, and Dr. China treated him with acupuncture.

According to Reston’s memory, at that time, a young China acupuncturist put three needles under his right elbow and knees, and burned his abdomen with a kind of "cheap cigar-like" moxa roll, which obviously reduced abdominal distension.

On July 26th, The New York Times published Reston’s article "Now, About My Operation in Peking" on the front page, which described this experience and the magical effect of acupuncture.

Source: new york Times Archives.

Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion is based on the holistic view of "harmony between man and nature", guided by the theory of meridians and acupoints, and uses needles and mugwort leaves as the main tools and materials to adjust the balance of human body by puncturing or fumigating specific parts of the body, thus achieving the purpose of health care and treatment.

At this time, acupuncture in China has just ushered in a leap-Chinese medical workers and scientific workers have successfully created acupuncture anesthesia. This is a model of the combination of Chinese and Western medicine, which has aroused great concern of western society about acupuncture and moxibustion in China. During their visit to China, Reston and his wife also visited China’s acupuncture anesthesia.

On the front page of People’s Daily, the article "Brilliant example of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine-hail the successful creation of acupuncture anesthesia in China" was published. Source: official website, state administration of traditional chinese medicine

In the spring of 1972, US President Nixon’s delegation to China arrived in Beijing, specifically to observe acupuncture anesthesia. As a result, more than 30 members of the delegation and journalists watched the whole process of lung resection under acupuncture anesthesia in the Third Hospital of Beijing Medical University, and it was reported that there was an "acupuncture fever" in the United States.

In April, at Wes Hospital in Chicago, American doctors performed tonsillectomy under acupuncture anesthesia for the first time.

Since then, with the surge of public demand, the American acupuncture industry came into being, and acupuncture clinics began to appear everywhere. By 1997, 10,000 people in the United States had obtained acupuncture licenses, and about 3,000 doctors carried out acupuncture therapy.

Before and after the Gulf War, DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) paid great attention to acupuncture research applied in rehabilitation medicine and brain imaging, and strongly funded acupuncture research on treating Gulf War-related diseases and chronic headaches.

2

Chinese original

The origin of acupuncture can be traced back to the beginning of Chinese civilization.

Acupuncture, including acupuncture (pricking) and moxibustion (moxibustion), both originated in the Paleolithic Age, and is the oldest external therapy applied in primitive society in China.

Acupuncture was originally the "bian method", and the ancients often used bian stone to stab carbuncle and pus, and bian thorn to bleed. Since the Shang Dynasty, with the development of metallurgical technology, the metal "nine needles" have replaced Bian Shi as external treatment tools, and some of them are used for surgical diseases. According to Sun Simiao, a medical sage, the Yellow Emperor created nine needles in "Prepare for a Urgent Need". Moxibustion with wormwood appeared at the latest in the pre-Qin period, mainly using moxa cone burning moxibustion.

The period from Warring States to Qin and Han Dynasties is an important stage in the formation of acupuncture and moxibustion in traditional Chinese medicine. Bian Que, Fu Weng, Hua Tuo and other famous doctors are all good at acupuncture and moxibustion, and the earliest classic of traditional Chinese medicine, Huangdi Neijing, came out at this time, and acupuncture was discussed in great length.

In Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, acupuncture entered a period of rapid development. The publication of The Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion A and B established the position of acupuncture as an independent science. At the same time, the school-style education established by the government gradually emerged, and the Tang Tai Medical Department set acupuncture as an independent subject, which created a precedent for acupuncture school education.

In Song Dynasty, acupuncture prevailed. In the process of turning and copying acupuncture medical books, there are some problems such as missing the names of human meridians and acupoints. Therefore, the court appointed Wang Weiyi, who was working in yiguang at that time, to re-collate and collate acupuncture medical books. After three years of collating and textual research, The Illustration of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at Tongren Point was published, which established the national standard of acupoints at that time and had far-reaching influence.

At the same time, in order to enable learners and clinicians to accurately grasp the acupoints’ positioning as stipulated in the Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion on Tongren, the Song government also ordered Wang Weiyi to preside over the casting of a bronze model of acupuncture and moxibustion, which provided a more intuitive, vivid and accurate physical basis for the acupoints’ position of human body.

Zhou Mi, a famous litterateur in the Southern Song Dynasty, recorded the ingenuity and precision of acupuncture bronze men at that time in his classic "Wild Tales in Qidong". According to the book, the acupuncture bronze man has internal organs, and the acupoints on the bronze man are perforated. Water (in some versions, it is "mercury") is injected into them in advance, and then the acupoints are sealed with yellow wax, and then the medical workers can find a certain acupoint and acupuncture it. At that time, the bronze man was also stabbed through the clothes. If the needle was found accurately, water (or mercury) would naturally flow out after the needle was inserted.

In the Ming Dynasty, acupuncture and moxibustion were innovated and developed. There are some comprehensive acupuncture works, among which Yang Jizhou’s Acupuncture Dacheng has the greatest influence. Since its publication in Wanli, this book has been reprinted many times and spread widely. It has not only attracted the attention of academic circles in China, but also been translated into Japanese, French, German and other languages. In the Ming Dynasty, the government also set up an acupuncture department in Tai Hospital.

By the early and middle period of Qing Dynasty, acupuncture showed a trend of "returning from the doctor’s post to the doctor’s post", and it developed in a simple and safe direction. After long-term historical test and accumulation, both theoretical exposition and clinical diagnosis and treatment methods have matured.

Development and achievement of ancient acupuncture in China

Compiled by the editor from Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Traditional Chinese Medicine Press, 1st edition, January 2020.

three

winding path amidst high peaks

In ancient times, acupuncture of traditional Chinese medicine has been widely spread in Asia. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, with the increasing number of western missionaries coming to China, acupuncture therapy was brought to Europe and other places at that time, thus becoming the earliest beginning of the spread of acupuncture to the west.

However, by the end of the Qing Dynasty, the fate of acupuncture took a turn for the worse.

In 1822, Emperor Daoguang ordered: "Acupuncture has a long history, but it is not suitable for the monarch to use acupuncture and moxibustion, and the acupuncture department of Taichi Hospital means to stop forever." As a result, the practice of setting up acupuncture department in Tai Hospital changed. Since then, acupuncture has been excluded from the official medical system.

On the other hand, the fate of traditional medicine is closely related to the soil that breeds it. After the Opium War broke out in 1840, China never recovered. The spread of western medicine to the east broke the relatively closed and independent development pattern of traditional Chinese medicine, and gradually occupied the mainstream position of China medicine. Even, there has been a "total self-denial" caused by excessive "learning from foreigners"-in the century of national humiliation, we gradually lost our confidence in the quintessence of the country.

In the Republic of China, some people even put forward a motion to abolish Chinese medicine, which made the survival of Chinese medicine acupuncture face challenges. Of course, those who have a long-term plan still hold their ground. A group of people of insight, represented by Cheng Dan ‘an, have achieved certain results in the preservation and development of acupuncture through the establishment of acupuncture societies, the issuance of acupuncture publications and the development of correspondence education. In the process of active innovation, acupuncture of traditional Chinese medicine is pregnant with new life.

After 1949, acupuncture ushered in a good opportunity, and the government strongly supported the development of Chinese medicine. In 1951, the Experimental Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Therapy of the Ministry of Health (the predecessor of the Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine) was established to carry out clinical and scientific research on acupuncture, with Zhu Lian as the first director. Since then, local research institutions have been established one after another, and the scientific research of acupuncture has developed rapidly. In the same year, Zhu Lian’s New Acupuncture was published and translated into many languages.

Since the 1970s, remarkable achievements have been made in the research on the mechanism of acupuncture, especially in acupuncture analgesia, acupuncture anesthesia, and the adjustment of acupuncture on visceral function, which is one of the few disciplines in which China is currently in the leading position in the world.

In April, 1975, entrusted by the World Health Organization and approved by the State Council, the China government started international acupuncture classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing successively, and trained acupuncture talents for all countries in the world.

On November 22nd, 1987, the World Federation of Acupuncture Societies was established in Beijing. It is the first international academic organization headquartered in China in history, marking the international recognition of the advanced level and leading position of acupuncture in China.

four

Western learning China.

The upsurge of acupuncture in the United States has driven more western countries to use acupuncture.

In 1970s, acupuncture got unprecedented development in Germany, and more than 30 acupuncture societies were established successively. Some scientific research institutions also gave support to acupuncture research, and more and more Germans were willing to accept acupuncture treatment.

In 1985, the French Ministry of Health set up a special committee on acupuncture, and some public hospitals often use acupuncture as a treatment, so patients can get medical insurance for it.

Since 1990, Italy has allowed clinics of local health bureaus and public medical systems or private medical institutions that have agreements with local health bureaus to provide acupuncture services. In addition, the military medical system has gradually accepted Chinese medicine, for example, the Roman military hospital officially opened the acupuncture department on December 19, 2005.

Following the establishment of "London College of Traditional Chinese Medicine" with Beijing University of Chinese Medicine in 1993, there are four universities in Britain offering undergraduate courses in acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine. In 2001, he began to advocate the legislation of acupuncture and moxibustion in traditional Chinese medicine, and in 2004, he established the Chinese medicine management Committee; In 2008, the legislative group of the British Ministry of Health submitted the legislative proposal of "acupuncture, herbs and Chinese medicine" to the government. There are nearly 20 kinds of diseases treated by acupuncture, and the expenses of acupuncture treatment can be reimbursed.

In addition, acupuncture has been officially recognized by Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Russia and other countries.

At the same time, the standardization of acupuncture and moxibustion has been paid more and more attention at home and abroad, which has further deepened the world consensus on the value of acupuncture and moxibustion.

Since 1981, the World Health Organization began to organize the work of international naming standards for acupuncture and moxibustion, and published the International Recommended Naming Standards for Acupuncture and Moxibustion in 1984.

In November 1997, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) held a hearing on acupuncture, re-evaluated the value of acupuncture and reached a consensus, and the relevant contents were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).

In 2006, the international standard of Acupoint Positioning of Acupuncture and Moxibustion was formulated, and the World Health Organization (WHO) established an international unified standard for the location of 361 human acupoints used in acupuncture and moxibustion in the western Pacific region.

In 2014, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) officially published the standard of "ISO17218:2014 Disposable Sterile Acupuncture Needle", which is the first international standard issued by ISO in the field of traditional medicine in the world.

five

How powerful is it?

Acupuncture researchers at home and abroad have adopted rigorous clinical epidemiological research methods and carried out large-scale clinical verification. The current research mainly focuses on the following aspects:

* Analgesia

More than 60% of acupuncture patients in the world are pain-related diseases, and the proportion of pain patients in foreign acupuncture clinics is higher.

Acupuncture treatment of pain has obtained high-quality clinical evidence. Foreign scholars analyzed the original data of 39 randomized controlled acupuncture clinical trials in western countries from 2008 to 2015 by using single-case meta-analysis, and included 20,827 patients, which proved that the curative effect of acupuncture on head, neck, shoulder and low back pain was obviously better than that of sham acupuncture (comfort acupuncture) and no acupuncture, and the analgesic effect only decreased by 15% after one year of follow-up.

Chinese scholars have proved that acupuncture as an adjuvant therapy can definitely improve the frequency and degree of angina pectoris attacks in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris, and can alleviate the anxiety and depression symptoms of patients.

Acupuncture can also activate the human endogenous analgesic system by stimulating the body surface, so as to play an analgesic role and avoid drug resistance and addiction. In October 2018, US President Trump signed a bill called H.R.6, which aims to find alternative drugs and treatments for pain and curb the proliferation of opioid analgesic drugs in the United States. The bill will include acupuncture and medical massage. All of them are included in alternative therapies to be evaluated.

* Regulating visceral function

Acupuncture can regulate and treat visceral function, which includes specific regulation of acupoints at the same segment and non-specific and extensive regulation of acupoints at different segments. These functions are based on the participation of segmental, intersegmental and systemic (supraspinal) centers of spinal cord.

China scholars’ research in recent years shows that electroacupuncture can significantly relieve female stress urinary incontinence, and can also promote intestinal movement to treat refractory constipation. These findings were published in well-known journals with high impact factors, such as Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and Annual Internal Medicine.

Acupuncture points can adjust the function of the corresponding target organs and realize the relevant transformation. For example, acupuncture at Neiguan can significantly relieve nausea and vomiting, and it has been transformed into a wearable wristband product.

Electroacupuncture can significantly improve functional dyspepsia. Experimental studies have proved that acupuncture at Zusanli can activate vagus nerve and significantly promote gastric and intestinal movements; Acupuncture at Zhongwan point inhibits gastric movement by activating sympathetic nerves at the same segment; Acupuncture at Tianshu point has a bidirectional regulating effect on intestinal movement.

* Regulation of endocrine

Acupuncture can significantly reduce the androgen level of non-obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Acupuncture combined with lifestyle intervention can improve the menstrual cycle and ovulation rate of obese PCOS patients, reduce the level of sex hormones, significantly improve the recruitment of oocytes and improve the quality of embryos.

However, some reports show that acupuncture has the same effect as fake acupuncture in improving the live birth rate of PCOS patients, which has aroused widespread concern and contention in the industry. For example, the evidence quality of acupuncture for pregnancy assistance is not high. There is no difference between acupuncture for pregnancy assistance before follicular secretion and after embryo transfer. The effect of acupuncture on relieving hot flashes of female climacteric syndrome is also unclear.

The regulating effect of acupuncture on hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, in addition, acupuncture activates the skin’s inherent "skin-brain axis" (HPA axis similar to the center) to exert local and systemic neuroendocrine regulation is also a hot spot in recent years.

* Regulating inflammation-immunity

The immunomodulatory effect caused by acupuncture is mainly manifested in the effect of acupuncture on immune cells, immune molecules and neuroimmunity. Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a neuroimmune pathway based on efferent vagus nerve to inhibit inflammatory response.

The research published in Nature Medicine observed the anti-inflammatory effect of electroacupuncture on mice with endotoxemia model and multi-bacterial peritonitis model, and proved that electroacupuncture at Zusanli could reduce TNF, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, IL-6 and INF in serum of mice with endotoxemia model. Cutting sciatic nerve or vagus nerve and initial adrenal gland can block the anti-inflammatory effect of electroacupuncture. Dopamine and its receptor D1 play a role in electroacupuncture regulating inflammation.

In 2020, Chinese and American scholars jointly published the research results in Neuron, revealing that acupuncture at body surface points can induce a variety of somatic sensory-autonomic nerve-target organ reflex pathways and play a regulatory role in immunity-inflammation.

Screenshot of the page layout of Neuron magazine.

six

What are the differences between East and West?

From the above analysis, it can be seen that acupuncture is widely used in clinical treatment of diseases, and the research on acupuncture has gradually developed from traditional clinical treatment to modern experimental analysis and verification, and penetrated into modern frontier science fields. However, the purpose of clinical research in East and West is completely different.

In 1990s, in order to verify the clinical efficacy of acupuncture and provide support for health decision-making and whether acupuncture and moxibustion should be included in insurance, German federal doctors and health insurance company committees organized large-scale randomized controlled trials, RCT).

[Note: Randomized controlled trial (RCT) adopts random grouping, control and blind methods, maintains the original random grouping analysis and other measures to prevent bias, and minimizes possible bias. Therefore, RCT is considered as the gold standard for evaluating medical interventions. 】

In this experiment, "GERAC" and "ART" were set up to verify the clinical effectiveness of acupuncture in treating low back pain, knee osteoarthritis, migraine prevention and tension-type headache.

These two studies are considered to be the largest high-quality clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating pain according to modern standards, and the results were published in the famous mainstream medical journals The Lancet, JAMA, BMJ, Arch Intern Med, Ann Intern Med and BMJ. However, among the results of acupuncture randomized trials, only two proved that true acupuncture was better than false acupuncture, and six proved that false acupuncture was effective.

In China, the purpose of clinical research is often to verify or popularize that a new acupuncture treatment scheme is superior to the conventional acupuncture treatment scheme (textbook scheme), and the results are mostly positive. However, the quality of methodology is not high, especially the control of comfort acupuncture is difficult to implement. In particular, the published bias has led the international community to question the efficacy of acupuncture.

Why is there a big gap between domestic and foreign report results?

The reason is that the demand and starting point of acupuncture are different, which directly affects the research purpose and interpretation method of acupuncture RCT at home and abroad. International attention is paid to whether acupuncture is effective for a certain disease, focusing on verifying the specific efficacy caused by acupuncture. At home, RCT mainly focuses on verifying the effectiveness or superiority of acupuncture, which belongs to the comparative study of overall efficacy.

It should be noted that there are many differences between the East and the West in the study of acupuncture.

First, the theoretical basis is very different: Chinese acupuncture is guided by the basic theory of Chinese medicine and based on the theory of meridians and acupoints. However, western acupuncture does not talk about acupoints and meridians. It absorbs the research results of life science and thinks that the five major mechanisms of acupuncture are: local effect of acupuncture; The effect of acupuncture on the same spinal cord segment; The effect of acupuncture across spinal cord segments; The function of trigger point; Regulation of central nervous system.

Second, the stimulation sites are different: acupuncture in China takes acupoints as stimulation sites, and doctors need to find suitable stimulation points in acupoints by "cutting, pressing and circulating" in clinic. Western acupuncture emphasizes the stimulation point or trigger point in clinical application. The trigger point refers to the local highly sensitive tenderness point contained in the palpable tight muscle band in skeletal muscle. There is overlap between acupoints and trigger points. Although the percentage of overlap is still controversial, the overlap rate reaches 95% in the treatment of pain.

Third, the ways of stimulation are different: there are various ways of acupuncture stimulation in traditional Chinese medicine, such as filiform needle, fire needle, bloodletting, moxibustion and so on. Clinically, it pays attention to techniques and getting qi, emphasizing "qi is effective". Western acupuncture often adopts transcutaneous electrical stimulation or shallow acupuncture with weak stimulation, and the time and frequency of stimulation are also different.

Fourth, the types of diseases are different: western acupuncture and moxibustion mainly treats pain, mainly treating myofascial pain. In addition to pain, acupuncture and moxibustion in traditional Chinese medicine pays more attention to the regulation of visceral function and qi and blood of the whole body, rather than simple analgesia.

Through these comparisons, we are also more clear about the current problems faced by acupuncture in traditional Chinese medicine. Under the modern semantic framework, how to construct a modern acupuncture theory system with reasonable structure, clear hierarchy, clear concept and standardized expression, which can guide clinical practice, has become an important task at present, and can keep the foundation of the discipline.

seven

Is the surname of acupuncture in traditional Chinese medicine "Xi"?

In the process of acupuncture spreading to the world, modern acupuncture under the collision of East and West is facing the severe challenge of "internal troubles and foreign invasion".

In China, various acupuncture schools, techniques and special acupuncture methods are constantly emerging, and the traditional acupuncture theory of "internal anxiety" gradually loses its guiding role; In foreign countries, the embryonic form of "western medical acupuncture" has gradually taken shape, and the "medical acupuncture" whose "foreign invasion" is based on modern anatomy and physiology is gradually alienated or de-China, and the traditional acupuncture theory tends to be neglected.

Western acupuncture, which was born out of Chinese acupuncture, began to challenge the tradition in turn, leading to the query of Chinese acupuncture theories such as meridians and acupoints. This requires us to re-examine the functions and definitions of meridians and acupoints.

At the same time, the development of technology and technology is also changing the relationship between traditional medicine and patients. Under the influence of western science, which was born in industrial civilization and information age, the basic research and clinical research of acupuncture can be carried out in time through equipment.

In 2016, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) proposed the "SPARC Plan" to stimulate peripheral nerves to regulate the state of the body, that is, investing 238 million US dollars to develop peripheral nerve stimulation equipment. After the announcement of the plan, the funds of pharmaceutical companies and venture capital companies participating in the "SPARC Plan" exceeded 2 billion US dollars, and famous pharmaceutical companies such as GlaxoSmithKline and Internet giant Google all set up subsidiaries to carry out research and development.

Even, the popularity of acupuncture treatment in some developed countries has surpassed that of China.

According to the data of Arensbach Institute, an authoritative polling agency in Germany, more than 2 million Germans receive acupuncture treatment every year, and about 61% of Germans express their hope to treat diseases by combining traditional Chinese and western medicine. The number of patients receiving acupuncture treatment and the number of registered acupuncturists in the United States increased by 50% and 100% respectively from 2002 to 2012.

However, in the past 10 years, the clinical diagnosis and treatment rate of acupuncture in China has only increased by about 10 percentage points, and the number of acupuncture practitioners has increased by less than 5%.

eight

Regain self-confidence

Under the tide of globalization, acupuncture has become the forerunner of Chinese medicine to the world. Compared with Europe and America, the advantages of acupuncture in China are far from being brought into play. What should we do?

It is very important to develop and protect the intellectual property rights of traditional Chinese medicine.

In June, 2006, the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list in China was published, and the acupuncture projects jointly declared by Chinese Acupuncture Society and Acupuncture Institute of Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine were listed as one of them, which created good conditions for Chinese acupuncture to declare the representative list of human intangible cultural heritage.

In the same year, China also launched the declaration of the world intangible cultural heritage of traditional Chinese medicine-with the overall content of "traditional Chinese medicine", which was named "Cognition and Practice of Life Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine".

However, due to the rich traditional culture and philosophy of China contained in traditional Chinese medicine, its huge system, numerous schools and wide application of clinical techniques to prevent and treat diseases, in June 2009, the Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO decided that the declared "traditional Chinese medicine" is an intangible cultural heritage project with unclear inheritance group, and its definition is unclear, which will lead to weak protection pertinence, so it is suggested to re-declare it after revision.

After discussion, experts in the cultural heritage industry and the Chinese medicine industry decided to choose a specific category that best reflects the traditional Chinese medicine culture-Chinese medicine acupuncture to declare.

Finally, it lasted nearly four years. On November 16th, 2010, at the fifth meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Nairobi, Kenya, "Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Traditional Chinese Medicine" was successfully selected into the "Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" through deliberation.

Chinese medicine acupuncture is listed in the "representative list of human intangible cultural heritage" certificate.

In 2018, UNESCO designated November 15th as "World Acupuncture Day", which indicated that acupuncture in China has become the world acupuncture.

With the accelerating internationalization of acupuncture and moxibustion, under the challenge of "internal troubles and foreign invasion", how can Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion achieve better development?

Since ancient times, acupuncture and other external treatments of traditional Chinese medicine have occupied half of the treatment of traditional Chinese medicine. Inheriting acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine can not be ignored. At the same time, under the background of modern medicine, how to realize the integration of traditional acupuncture and modern research, inherit the essence of traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture and incorporate the new knowledge of modern science? This is also a breakthrough in the development of acupuncture.

The World Health Organization (WHO) pointed out in its report "Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century": "In the 21st century, medicine should not continue to take diseases as the main research field, but should take human health as the main research direction", emphasizing that "health is the basic right of human beings" and paying attention to the individual’s "ability to discover and develop self-health".

Today’s medicine is changing from "disease medicine" to "functional medicine", which means that the barrier of disease prevention and treatment has moved forward. Acupuncture is precisely by stimulating the body surface to achieve the regulation of human functions, mobilize the self-healing ability of the human body, and prevent it from gradually becoming an organic disease, which coincides with the current health concept.

[Note: Diseases begin with dysfunction, and usually turn into organic lesions after 10 to 30 years of pathological process. 】

We believe that when acupuncture, an ancient therapeutic method, embraces modern science, it can provide more possibilities for human health. Reducing drug abuse and side effects through acupuncture of traditional Chinese medicine, a green medical method, will put forward a distinctive Chinese plan for human health.

Wen | Jing Xianghong, Director of the Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Chief Physician of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Hospital, Wang Yingying.

Editor | Wang Yiwen looked at the think tank

In order to reprint the original articles of Wangzhi think tank, please indicate the source of Wangzhi think tank (zhczyj) and the author’s information before the article, otherwise the legal responsibility will be strictly investigated.

Original title: "The treasures of our ancestors are being" de-China "by the West. We should be in a hurry! 》

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I. Concept and characteristics of intellectual property rights

(1) What is intellectual property?

Intellectual property rights refer to the civil rights that people enjoy on their creative intellectual labor achievements, such as patent right, trademark right, copyright (also known as copyright) and exclusive right to trade secrets. Intellectual property law is the law to protect such civil rights. These rights are mainly property rights. Among them, patent right and trademark right are collectively referred to as "industrial property right". They are civil rights that need to be applied for and examined and approved by the administrative department. The exclusive right to copyright and trade secrets comes into being automatically in accordance with the law when the relevant creative activities are completed.

(2) Similarities and differences between intellectual property rights and general civil rights

Like general civil rights, intellectual property rights also have corresponding protected subjects and objects. Inventors, patentees, registered trademark owners, writers, artists, performers and so on are the corresponding subjects. New technical solutions, trademark logos, written works, music, art works, computer software, etc. are the corresponding objects. Here, a considerable part of the subject and object of patent right and exclusive right of trade secret overlap. After the inventor develops a new technical scheme, he can obtain the patent right by applying to the administrative department for a patent and making the invention public, or he can enjoy the actual exclusive right by keeping it secret. That is to say, the owner of the technical scheme can choose the way of patent protection or the way of trade secret protection.

Different from most civil rights, the emergence of intellectual property rights is much later than other civil rights. Engels believed that most civil rights had been basically formed as early as the Roman Empire of slavery. Industrial property rights only came into being in the modern times when commodity economy and market economy developed. Copyright came into being with the development of printing technology, and gradually developed with the development of new technologies such as recording, video recording and broadcasting. Trade secrets are listed as one of the property rights (that is, intellectual property rights), only after the establishment of the World Trade Organization. At the same time, with the development of economy and technology, the content of intellectual property rights and the scope of protected objects are always changing at a faster speed. So far, it is hard to say that they have "formed".

Like tangible property rights, intellectual property rights are also an exclusive right. That is to say, without the permission of the owner of the property right, others can’t use or make use of it.

Different from tangible property rights, firstly, the object of intellectual property rights is "difficult to develop and easy to copy". If a thief steals a car (tangible property) from the parking lot, he can only sell this car at most to get the stolen money, and he is unlikely to copy several more cars to sell. If a thief steals a software from a software development company, he can copy thousands of copies of the same software and sell them quickly, which is enough to bankrupt the software development company. Second, although intellectual property rights and tangible property rights are exclusive rights, the exclusive rights of tangible property can generally be protected by possessing related objects; The object of intellectual property is certain information (for example, invention is new information of practical technology, trademark is information of commodity source, and work is written information, picture information, audio and video information expressed by the author, etc.), so it is difficult to protect information through "possession". Moreover, the object of tangible property and exclusive rights are generally inseparable. Protecting them is relatively simple. The object and exclusive right of intellectual property are often separated, so it is much more difficult to protect them. For example, the painter sold me a painting, which is undoubtedly an object protected by copyright. This object is in my hand, but if I want to print it on a calendar or a book, I still have to get permission from the painter and pay him. The reason is that the "reproduction right" (that is, one of the exclusive rights in copyright) is still in the hands of the painter and has not been transferred to me with the painting.

These differences between intellectual property rights and tangible property rights make it applicable to the "acquisitive prescription" system of tangible property rights, the responsibility of "returning the original thing" that infringes on tangible property rights, etc., and it is difficult to apply to intellectual property rights. Therefore, we say that intellectual property is a special civil right.

(C) knowledge economy and intellectual property rights

It is precisely because of these differences between intellectual property rights and general civil rights and tangible property rights that it is more necessary to improve and constantly revise intellectual property laws than other laws in the civil field.

In the 200-200 years before the end of the 20th century, developed countries focused on the property law (tangible property law) and the contract law for the sale of goods in their traditional civil laws. The reason is that in the industrial economy, the input of tangible assets such as machinery, land and real estate plays a key role. Since the 1980s and 1990s, in line with the development of knowledge economy, developed countries and a number of developing countries (such as Singapore, Philippines, India, etc.) have gradually changed to focus on intellectual property law and e-commerce law in the field of civil legislation. This is not to say that the traditional property law and contract law are no longer needed, but that the focus has shifted. The reason is that intangible assets such as patent inventions, trade secrets and constantly updated computer programs play a key role in the knowledge economy. With the change of production mode, the legislative emphasis in superstructure will inevitably change. A group of developing countries that have not yet completed the process of industrial economy have realized that in the contemporary era, they still rely on "great efforts and sweat" and still focus on the accumulation of tangible assets, and their economic strength will never catch up with developed countries. It is necessary to promote the accumulation of tangible assets by the accumulation of intangible assets (which mainly refers to the development of "independent intellectual property rights") in order to catch up with developed countries.

A group of Chinese enterprises that can really enter the international market and stand firm, such as Haier in the home appliance industry and Lenovo in the computer industry, have done just that. In their words, it is "promoting industrialization through informationization". At the beginning of 2000, Lenovo introduced a new product that was not too cutting-edge-Internet computer, which included more than 40 patents of its own.

Second, China’s intellectual property legal system

(1) Overview

In 1979, after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, China’s patent law, trademark law and copyright law began to be drafted at the same time. In the Criminal Law of 1979, it was forbidden to use another person’s registered trademark falsely, so that the trademark was given the "exclusive right" from then on and became a "civil right arising from the criminal law". By the way, in the long history of China’s relatively developed criminal law and underdeveloped civil law, many civil rights were generated by criminal law and only protected by criminal law.

In 1982, China promulgated the Trademark Law (revised twice in February 1993 and now); In 1984, China promulgated the Patent Law (revised twice in September 1992 and August 2000). In 1986, China promulgated the General Principles of Civil Law, which clearly stipulated the protection of intellectual property rights. In 1990, China promulgated the Copyright Law to protect copyright, and in June 1991, the State Council promulgated the regulations on the protection of computer software. In September 1993, China promulgated the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, and began to expressly protect trade secrets. In March 1997, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of New Plant Varieties. In addition to several separate laws and administrative regulations, China’s Criminal Law, revised in 1997, also contains a special chapter, which stipulates criminal sanctions against those who seriously infringe trademark rights, copyright, trade secrets and counterfeit others’ patents. At this point, the basic laws and regulations in the legal system of intellectual property protection in China have been possessed.

(2) Explanation of several major laws

China’s Trademark Law mainly protects the exclusive right of registered trademark owners. Since 1993, this protection has included commodity trademarks and service trademarks. Although the main purpose of the Trademark Law is to protect the interests of registered trademark owners, this purpose must first be achieved by protecting the interests of consumers. At this point, the Trademark Law, the Consumer Protection Law and the Anti-Unfair Competition Law overlap. This is not surprising, because these three laws mainly regulate the circulation of goods and services in the market. In the process of enforcing the Trademark Law, the administrative department for industry and commerce or the court measures whether an operator has infringed on the exclusive right to use a trademark of others, mainly to see whether the way he uses a trademark deceives or misleads consumers, that is, whether he uses the same or similar logo as a registered trademark of others without permission.

China’s Patent Law protects three different patent rights, namely invention, utility model and design, with the emphasis on invention patent protection. Members deliberated the revised draft of the Patent Law for three times from April to August last year, and I won’t talk much about this law because it is fresh in my memory.

According to the actual situation in our country, for the registered trademark right and patent right, which are two kinds of intellectual property rights produced by administrative approval, both laws stipulate the functions of administrative organs to mediate and deal with infringement disputes and investigate and deal with some illegal activities. Many foreign laws and WTO intellectual property agreements also allow this kind of administrative law enforcement. Such regulations in China are in line with international practice.

China’s Copyright Law first protects written works, but it goes far beyond "works". Music, dance, movies, television, engineering design, maps, computer software, live performances of actors and so on, all intellectual creations that may be copied, that is, copied, pirated or pirated, are also being protected. Reproduction of works in the form of paper, magnetic tape and film tape belongs to carrier reproduction; The reproduction of a work in the form of performance belongs to the reproduction without carrier. Because of this, international treaties and laws of many countries that protect such achievements are called "copyright law". In Chinese law, "copyright" and "copyright" are synonymous. Works whose publication and dissemination are prohibited by law are not protected in China.

What needs to be emphasized here is the difference between "originality" and "originality" (that is, novelty as mentioned in patent law). The first condition for copyright protection of creative achievements is "originality" That is to say, it can’t be copied, copied or otherwise infringed upon the copyright of others, but it must be created by the author. The requirement of originality is different from that of originality. "Originality" does not exclude "coincidence" in creation. For example, Party A and Party B shot the Badaling Great Wall from the same angle. Although Party A shot first and Party B came last, the two photographs are very similar, but they both enjoy their own copyrights. If B didn’t go to the Great Wall to take photos himself, but copied A’s photographic works, it would be "plagiarism" and he would not enjoy his own copyright. It is precisely because copyright protection does not exclude the same works independently created by each other that it is much more difficult for judicial organs and administrative law enforcement organs to determine whether copyright disputes constitute infringement than in the field of patents and trademarks.

For patented inventions, it is precisely required to be "original". The patent system excludes "coincidence" in development. If A applies for a patent first, but B applies for the same invention later, even if B has never been exposed to the development process of A, and it is entirely his own invention, he will never get a patent again. This is the requirement of "novelty" and the principle of "application first" in China’s Patent Law. Because there are many people who make inventions in the same technical field, when different people apply for a patent for the same invention, the patent examination and approval authority is unlikely to judge who actually made an invention first. Therefore, according to the law, it is presumed that the first application should be accepted, and the others are excluded. Therefore, once our enterprise or research unit has a new invention, we should first consider whether it is possible for others to develop the same technical solution in a short time without relying on me. If you think it is possible, you should apply for a patent as soon as possible, so as not to be excluded from the market by others. When our research results are new scientific discoveries, it is necessary to make them known to the media and publicize them as soon as possible in order to gain the recognition of the "right of first discovery" from peers and even the whole world. But when our development or research results belong to practical inventions (that is, new technical solutions), we should first consider applying for patents and occupying the market. At this time, if you are eager to make it public, you may be preempted by others in the patent application, or you may destroy your own novelty, which is not desirable.

We can’t distinguish the different legal status of scientific discovery and practical invention, and we used to pre-empt publicity indiscriminately, which once made us lose a considerable part of the patent achievements that should have belonged to us. Of course, if you believe that others can’t make the same invention independently without relying on yourself, you can choose to protect your own achievements by means of trade secrets without applying for a patent.

For signs that can be registered and thus enjoy trademark rights, the law requires them to be "recognizable". If "milk" is used as the trademark of bagged milk products, consumers will not be able to distinguish this kind of bagged milk from other bagged milk produced by other manufacturers, which is called no recognition. Only by using such recognizable marks as "Sanyuan", "Mengniu" and "Parmalat" can we distinguish the same goods from different manufacturers, which is the main function of trademarks.

Another problem that needs to be emphasized is that for a long time after China promulgated several laws on intellectual property rights, many people paid much less attention to trademarks than other intellectual property rights. In theory, some people think that trademarks only have a symbolic function, and it seems that they are not intellectual property rights. In practice, some people think that creating famous brands is only a matter of high-tech industries, and primary products (such as ore and grain) do not need trademarks at all. In fact, a trademark has been invested with creative intellectual labor since the right holder chooses the logo. Since then, the continuous improvement of trademark reputation mainly depends on the marketing methods of operators, the technical content invested in improving quality and updating products, etc. These are the results of creative labor. Almost without exception, the primary products of developed countries appear in the market with trademarks. Because they all understand that while operating tangible goods, their intangible property-trademarks will continue to increase in value. Once all your tangible goods are lost (such as average, natural disasters and other force majeure, financial crisis and other commercial risks), at least your trademark is still valuable. The boss of "Coca-Cola" company once said that once all the factories and goods of the company in the world were lost in the fire, he could use the trademark of "Coca-Cola" as a pledge the next day and lend money to resume production. Because every year, the "financial world" evaluates the value of "Coca Cola" to tens of billions of dollars. We once had theorists tell people that if an enterprise goes bankrupt, its trademark will be worthless. In fact, after the collapse of the enterprise,There are many examples where trademarks are still quite valuable. For example, in March 1998, Guangzhou Camera Factory closed down, and the evaluation company estimated the "Pearl River" trademark of the factory at 4,000 yuan, which many people still thought was overestimated. At the auction that month, this trademark sold for 395,000 yuan! Obviously, the reputation of an enterprise that has been invested in trademarks by intellectual labor for many years will never be completely lost immediately because of a temporary business mistake (or other unforeseen accidents). It can be seen that it is very important to improve the trademark awareness of Chinese operators (especially operators of a large number of primary products) for the development of China’s economy.

Since 1980, China has successively joined the World Intellectual Property Organization Convention, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the universal copyright convention and other major international intellectual property conventions. China, as a developing country, has made rapid progress in both domestic legislation and international cooperation in intellectual property protection. Both the former Director-General and the current Director-General of the United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization believe that in just over a decade, China has completed the road that developed countries took hundreds of years to complete.

Of course, the current situation of intellectual property protection in China, which has not established a modern intellectual property legal system for a long time, is not optimistic. In particular, it is still a long way to go to crack down on counterfeit trademarks and various piracy activities.

(C) China’s historical contribution to the intellectual property system

Although many modern civil rights protection systems, including intellectual property protection system, are mainly "imported" from abroad after China’s reform and opening up. It should be noted, however, that copyright protection came into being with the invention of printing technology, but it happened in China at first. In the era of copying creative achievements by hand, there will be no such civil right as "copyright". Because it is impossible for replicators to produce mass copies for their own profit through difficult replication activities, there is no need for creators to control such replication activities.

Printing technology developed greatly in Sui and Tang Dynasties in China. Movable type printing was invented in Song Dynasty. Copyright protection originated from the Song Dynasty in China. A large number of ancient books handed down in the Song Dynasty, such as Fang Yu Sheng Lan, Cong Guimao’s Collection of Poems, clearly recorded the local government’s list of "no copying" and "no copying" at that time, which contained activities of "copying for profit", and the obligee could "report, chase people and destroy the edition" and so on. The litigation procedure and tort liability can be clearly seen in the Copyright Act of Britain until 1956. The "copyright marks" left in these ancient books at that time are almost identical to the formal requirements required by universal copyright convention. The Right to prohibit Copying or copying is exactly the same as the concept of "Copy right" that came into being in the West more than 700 years later and is still in use today. However, this kind of protection in the West only gradually developed more than 500 years after the Song Dynasty, when Gutenberg began to use movable type printing in Germany. China’s historical contribution to printing and copyright protection was recognized by UNESCO as early as the early 1980s.

In the mid-1990s, an American professor, citing the existence of piracy in China at that time, asserted that China had never respected the achievements of intellectual creation since ancient times, and pursued the creed that "stealing books is not stealing" since ancient times. At that time, I published an article in English overseas, pointing out that his assertion was a lack of understanding of the history of China, and comprehensively introduced the records in the above-mentioned ancient books of the Song Dynasty. This article was later quoted by many scholars in the intellectual property field abroad (including the United States). They all agree that since copyright protection came into being with the development of printing, it will inevitably appear in China first.

Of course, confirming China’s contribution to intellectual property rights in history is not to prove that everything is perfect now. After all, time has entered the 21st century. The modern intellectual property system that has just been established in China needs to be continuously improved. Now we are revising several laws on intellectual property rights, which is a good proof that we realize this necessity.

Iii. WTO accession and intellectual property protection

(A) the intellectual property system of the World Trade Organization

The agreements of the World Trade Organization mainly adjust three contents: commodity trade, service trade and intellectual property protection. Commodity trade refers to the sale of tangible goods, which is familiar to everyone. In the WTO agreement, trade in services refers to four situations:

1. Cross-border provision (e.g. telecommunications services, network services);

2. Personnel flow (such as labor export);

3. Spending abroad (such as tourism services);

4. Commercial availability (e.g. financial services provided by foreign banks to set up in China).

Just in the two contents of commodity trade and service trade, it is actually full of intellectual property protection issues.

As far as commodity trade is concerned, all commodities from legal channels have their own trademark protection problems. There are copyright protection issues in commodity packaging, decoration design, and advertisements for promoting commodities (including advertising pictures, advertising words, advertising films and so on). New products with smooth sales channels are generally supported by patents or trade secrets. Most goods from illegal channels have problems such as counterfeit trademarks and piracy. In service trade, the protection of service trademarks and the copyright of advertisements for providing services are the same as those in commodity trade. The difference is that in cross-border services, especially in network services, an enterprise advertising in its own country may infringe on the trademark rights enjoyed by foreign enterprises in foreign countries, because the network is characterized by borderlessness, but the trademark rights are characterized by regionality. This kind of special infringement dispute is impossible in the sale of tangible goods.

There are seven intellectual property rights that WTO requires its member countries to protect: copyright, trademark, invention patent, design, geographical indication, semiconductor integrated circuit design and trade secrets. Among them, the design has been included in China’s Patent Law; Geographical indications will be included in the revised Trademark Law, leaving only the protection of semiconductor integrated circuit design, which has not yet been legislated in China. However, because this creative achievement is updated quickly, the infringer has just copied it, and the updated products of others may have been listed, so the copywriter is unprofitable. Therefore, the members of the WTO did not emphasize the issue of this legislation in the negotiations.

(2) Legislative suggestions on intellectual property rights related to China’s entry into WTO

1. Attention should be paid to "foster strengths and avoid weaknesses" in legislation.

As far as our legislature is concerned, in view of China’s accession to the WTO, we should consider making legislation and amending the law so that our intellectual property system does not conflict with the intellectual property agreement of the WTO (that is, the TRIPS Agreement). To do this, we only need to meet the "minimum requirements" of the intellectual property agreement. At this stage, we don’t need to pursue the high level of protection in developed countries. After China’s entry into the WTO, we should consider using feasible suggestions to urge our representatives to continuously increase the contents conducive to China’s economic development in multilateral negotiations. Of course, it is also a positive way for the legislature to start protecting the intellectual property objects that belong to our strong points at home through legislation. Over the years, a number of countries in Asia and Africa have started to protect folk literature and art in their own domestic laws in an effort to incorporate them into international conventions.

In the next round of multilateral negotiations, the WTO will soon discuss the issue of bringing the protection of "biodiversity" and "traditional knowledge" into the scope of intellectual property rights, which should attract our attention. The protection of a large number of animal and plant species (including endangered animals and plants) unique to China but not abroad belongs to the former; The protection of Chinese medicine and Chinese medicine therapy in China, and the protection of folk literature and art in almost all parts of China belong to the latter. These should be said to be China’s strengths, unlike patents and well-known trademarks, which are obviously still China’s weaknesses in the international arena. The purpose of our concern about these issues is to strive to bring them into the scope of international protection of intellectual property rights. Second, once it is included, we should consider how our legislation can keep up immediately. This will help us to "foster strengths and avoid weaknesses" in the international protection of intellectual property rights, so that China’s intellectual property products in the international market may also continue to increase. Since 1996, the export value of products in the core industries of the copyright industry (namely, software industry, film and television industry, etc.) has exceeded the export value of products in agriculture and machine manufacturing (namely, aircraft manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, etc.). The American Intellectual Property Association regards this as an important symbol that the United States has entered the development period of "knowledge economy".

In addition, I feel that the protection of geographical indications already mentioned in the revised draft of the Trademark Law is not enough. France only has a few geographical indications related to wine, so it knows that it will make a big fuss in domestic laws and international conventions and spare no effort to emphasize their protection. After China joined the Paris Convention for the protection of geographical indications in 1985, France asked us to ban the word "champagne" on our own wines because it is the geographical indication of French wines. In China, there are countless world-famous and protectable geographical marks, such as marble, Laiyang pear and Jinhua ham, which are understated in our legislation. Many Italian stones and stone products, and many stone products in Hualien County, Taiwan Province, China, are called "marble" or marble products in the international market. If we want to give full play to the advantages of geographical indications in the international protection of intellectual property rights after China’s entry into WTO and prohibit others from using them casually, we should first highlight the status of these protected objects in our own laws and strengthen their protection.

Never mention intellectual property as if we are all weak points; When it comes to intellectual property protection, it seems that it only protects foreign things; When it comes to China’s accession to the WTO and the revision of laws on intellectual property rights, we only think about what WTO members ask us to revise. In fact, the first thing we should consider is what are our own strengths? Is there enough protection in this respect?

2. Problems in procedural law

The intellectual property agreement of WTO is the first international treaty to make specific provisions on intellectual property procedural law.

However, we still have some obvious deficiencies in the procedures for protecting intellectual property rights. For example, the preservation of evidence before litigation is a requirement of WTO for the enforcement of intellectual property protection. There is no such system in China’s current Civil Procedure Law, and there is no such system in various existing separate laws on intellectual property rights. For another example, anyone should have the right to directly inquire about registered trademarks. However, there is no legal provision for this in China, and it can’t be done in practice. This kind of defects, if we don’t make provisions in the law, then when we encounter specific cases after China’s entry into WTO, other WTO members will raise them.

3. Necessary amendments unrelated to China’s entry into WTO

The need of "joining WTO" is by no means the only reason for us to amend the laws on intellectual property rights. The WTO has not put forward the requirements, but what is really needed in the practice of China’s market economy development should also be added to the law in the revision. For example, when protecting trademark rights, a large number of developed and developing countries have stipulated that "it is forbidden to change trademarks legally marked by others", which is not explicitly required by the WTO. In the process of China’s transition to a market economy, things that disrupt the market by changing other people’s trademarks often happen. Vendors of some foreign enterprises tore off the "Maple Leaf" trademark on high-quality clothing products in China, painted off the "Lighthouse" trademark on high-quality paint product containers, and then put them on the market in foreign trademark. These acts cannot be prohibited and sanctioned according to China’s Trademark Law. This is very unfavorable to the development of China’s market economy, especially to the development of China’s own famous brands. We can completely consider adding legal provisions prohibiting this kind of behavior in the Trademark Law.

(C) improve people’s awareness of intellectual property protection

We have done a lot of work in revising and perfecting the relevant intellectual property laws and strengthening law enforcement. However, there are still some deficiencies in raising people’s awareness of intellectual property protection. For example, I recently heard a law teacher from a famous university tell students that piracy helps to develop China’s economy, and cracking down on piracy protects foreign products. This actually reflects the views of some people. I think, on the contrary, piracy directly hinders the economic development of our country. First, the illegal income of pirates has never been turned over to the state to develop the economy; Moreover, it is impossible to collect taxes on this large amount of illegal income. The tax missed from here is a big loss to the country. Second, the main victims of piracy activities are domestic enterprises. Just taking software piracy as an example, it is the direct reason why China’s own software industry can’t develop. A foreign enterprise like Microsoft, whose products such as Windows software are sold all over the world, can still make money in many countries and the domestic market of the United States by relying on the original English products and the products of "Korean" and "Japanese". However, if the software developed by our own enterprises, such as "Chinese Star" and "Wubi Chinese Characters", has no market in China because of rampant piracy, their foreign markets will be very limited, and these China software enterprises will have to close down. If the piracy of audio-visual products, books and so on is not dealt a strong blow, the result will be the same. Because the market of these Chinese characters and Chinese cultural products is mainly in China.

When Comrade Deng Xiaoping inspected the audio-visual products enterprises in Shenzhen in early 1992, he first asked them: "Has the copyright problem been properly solved?" It can be seen that advocates of socialist market economy are very aware of the importance of intellectual property protection to the development of China’s economy. China’s legislature, judicial and administrative law enforcement agencies, regardless of counterfeiting activities or piracy activities, have always been clear-cut: resolutely crack down according to law.

After China’s entry into WTO, it is the domestic industry, cultural market and commodity market that will bear the brunt of the challenge of intellectual property protection. Therefore, there is still a lot of work to be done in the popularization of intellectual property law in these fields in China. As far as the popularization of intellectual property rights is concerned, the propaganda of "obeying the law" should not be negative, and it should include at least four aspects.

First, don’t infringe, which means that intellectual property issues should be solved before launching new products; If the product contains other people’s intellectual property rights, it must obtain permission.

Second, after China’s entry into WTO, once foreign enterprises sue us for infringement, we should know what room we have for defense. Quite a few enterprises in China do the opposite. Before launching their products, they simply don’t ask whether they involve other people’s patents, copyrights, etc., and they only know how to do it. When someone accused him of infringement, he immediately messed up and admitted that he was wrong without analysis. Recently, a domestic enterprise came to me and said that a foreign company sued him for infringing foreign patents. What should I do? I said what are you panicking about? If your products are not exported, it is impossible to infringe on "foreign patents" without exporting, because patents are regional. He applied for an American patent, and it is impossible for you to infringe the "American patent" by operating in China; If he only obtained the American patent abroad, it is impossible for you to infringe it by exporting to Japan. Even if he gets a patent in China, do you want to see if their patent protection period expires? Because patents have "statutory timeliness", such as microwave ovens and car seat belts, they were all patented products, but the protection period has already passed. Although many manufacturers are still manufacturing and selling today, it is impossible to infringe the original patent right. Even if the patent has not expired, it depends on whether the patent has expired due to reasons such as not paying the annual patent fee. Even if the above defenses are not established, do you still have to carefully analyze whether all your products fall into the "claim" of its patent? Because patents are not like copyrights and trademarks, there is no "partial infringement". If your product only contains some technical features of his patents, but not all of them, it still cannot be regarded as infringement.Kodak Company of the United States was sued for infringing others’ patents on photosensitive technology, and fought for nine years before it was finally found to be infringing. How can our enterprise "surrender without a fight" as soon as others sue for infringement?

Third, whether at home or abroad, the intellectual property rights already enjoyed by Chinese enterprises and individuals may also be infringed by others. We should pay attention to safeguarding our intellectual property rights according to law. Raising awareness of law-abiding or intellectual property rights is not only for infringers, but also for intellectual property rights holders in China.

Fourth, and most importantly, we should encourage Chinese people to actively develop the fruits that enjoy our independent intellectual property rights. Before the Patent Law was promulgated in China, Yuan Longping applied for the patent of hybrid rice breeding technology in the United States and Australia. In recent years, Sinopec has applied for many patents of certain chemical technologies in many countries around the world, and initially established its own "market protection circle", so that foreign enterprises who want to enter this circle to manufacture and sell related chemical products must obtain permission from Sinopec. Well-known trademarks such as Haier and Lenovo have also begun to break through national boundaries and gain international recognition. These are typical "independent intellectual property rights".

In order to develop China’s economy, we can’t refuse to introduce other people’s innovative achievements. But what we can finally rely on is the innovative spirit of our people. Giving intellectual property protection to innovation achievements is the most effective encouragement to carry forward the spirit of innovation.

China, which has contributed four great inventions to the world and was once the birthplace of copyright protection, will certainly be able to provide more and better innovations to mankind in the new millennium and new century!

(The author is a member of the Law Committee and a researcher at the Institute of Law of the Academy of Social Sciences.)

(28 February 2001)

 

Comics/Bin Chen

　　Recently, a paper published seven years ago in the Chinese core journal Glacier and Frozen Soil has aroused public concern. In the process of discussing eco-economics, the author enumerates the examples of the tutor couple, and then expounds "the noble feeling of the tutor and the beautiful feeling of the teacher’s mother" In this regard, "Glacier Frozen Soil" issued a statement on the 12 th, saying that it attached great importance to the situation and decided to withdraw the article. The staff of the journal revealed that several other papers published by the author in the journal Glacier and Frozen Soil will also be retracted.

　　In recent years, it is not uncommon for some academic journals to publish "water injection" papers and plagiarize papers. However, like these two papers in Glacier Frozen Soil, the topic is "Theory and Practice of Integrated Framework of Ecological Economics", but almost all of them praise the glorious deeds and noble character of the mentor and Jenny, plus various life feelings, which is rare. It is no exaggeration that such a paper is called "God’s Paper" by netizens.

　　"Mentor Shanghainese, the name of Guodong is real, holding an eternal sword, learning to drive the clouds; The teacher’s mother, Cixi, is as beautiful as jade, guarding the lotus sword and dancing in the kitchen. " Such content can be published as a professional paper in Chinese core journals, which undoubtedly seriously desecrates the seriousness of academic journals. After being exposed by the internet, it is undoubtedly necessary for the journal to withdraw the papers. However, for the academic circles, the paper "On the noble feelings of teachers and the graceful feelings of teachers and mothers" should not be viewed only as a joke, nor should it be simply regarded as the author’s "academic misconduct".

　　This kind of spoof or kitsch has precedent before. It is reported that some foreign scholars have concocted several "nonsense" papers with a paper generator, and submitted them to journals such as Computer Intelligence and Nanotechnology with the characters in cartoons as the authors, but the results were accepted and published. Another neuroscientist seriously wrote a paper on the theory of "fibrinogen" in "Star Wars", and four journals actually fell for it. The above-mentioned "God’s Thesis" published in Glacier Frozen Soil has a complete structure, abstracts and references, and there are specially made charts in it, which are similar to the "Doctor’s Thesis on Braised Pork" circulating on the Internet. If the author didn’t mean to "spoof", it is difficult to understand why he spent his energy writing such a thousand-word thesis.

　　However, it is somewhat different from the "doctoral thesis on braised pork" and the "spoof" papers written by foreign scientists. The authors of these two papers in Glacier Frozen Soil did not just write funny papers to amuse themselves on the Internet, nor did they submit them to completely unfamiliar journals. The "tutor" mentioned in the article is the main programmer of the journal. There are only two explanations for the editor-in-chief to publish papers about his lofty sense and his teacher’s mother’s beauty: first, Cheng Moumou is "useful" in praising and touting his articles; Second, it is entirely up to him to decide what articles to publish. Journals are his personal "turf", and no matter what aspects they reflect, they are absurd.

　　The above-mentioned "Shen Thesis" was published in 2013, and it was only exposed by netizens after six or seven years, indicating that few people may read the "academic papers" in our professional journals. In recent years, universities and scientific research institutions at all levels have attached great importance to papers, such as requiring graduate students to publish several papers before graduation, how many papers must be published by teaching and scientific research personnel every year, and introducing high-tech means to check the papers. According to relevant statistics, in 2016, the number of papers published by China scholars has jumped to the top in the world, with 420,000 papers published that year. And among so many papers, how many are "junk papers" or even "divine papers" is unknown.

　　I hope that the paper on "the noble feeling of teachers and the graceful feeling of teachers and mothers" can be an opportunity to attract the attention of relevant parties and rectify the chaos in academic circles. (Li Qing)

　　On May 15th, at the press conference of the State Council Office, the National Bureau of Statistics released the main indicators of economic operation in April. "vertically, the main indicators have remained stable, and even the growth rate has accelerated slightly. Horizontally, whether it is economic growth, employment, prices and market vitality, China’s economic operation is still in a reasonable range. " Liu Aihua, spokesman of the National Bureau of Statistics, said.

　　The employment situation is improving, and the national urban survey unemployment rate has dropped by 0.2 percentage points.

　　Stable employment will make people feel at ease. Among the April data, the most eye-catching is the employment data.

　　1— In April, 4.59 million new jobs were created in cities and towns nationwide, completing 42% of the annual plan. In April, the national urban survey unemployment rate was 5%, down 0.2 percentage points from the previous month; The survey unemployment rate in 31 big cities and towns was 5%, down 0.1 percentage points from last month.

　　"The unemployment rate dropped in April, and one reason was that it entered the peak employment season. Judging from the local employment of migrant workers and the employment of local agricultural registered population we monitored, the unemployment rate dropped sharply, indicating that the overall market demand for employment is relatively good." Liu Aihua said.

　　Excluding employment, indicators such as production, investment and consumption have also remained generally stable.

　　Production demand is generally stable. 1— In April, the national service industry production index increased by 7.4% year-on-year, which was the same as that in the first quarter, with 7.4% in April, the second highest monthly growth rate since September last year; The added value of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 6.2% year-on-year, and the growth rate was also the same as last year, which was 0.5 percentage points higher than that in the fourth quarter of last year.

　　Investment maintained steady growth. 1— In April, the national investment in fixed assets increased by 6.1% year-on-year, 0.2 percentage points lower than that in the first quarter and 0.2 percentage points faster than that in the whole year of last year.

　　The market sales are slow and steady. 1— In April, the total retail sales of social consumer goods increased by 8% year-on-year, including 7.2% in April, and the growth rate dropped by 1.5 percentage points compared with March.

　　Some people also questioned why individual data fluctuated in April. Liu Aihua explained that there are two main reasons for the short-term fluctuations between months: First, the factors of holiday movement. For example, the growth rate of consumption, if the factor of holiday movement is deducted, the total retail sales of social consumer goods in April increased by about 8.7% year-on-year, which was the same as that in March. Second, the impact of the reduction of value-added tax. The reduction of value-added tax occurred on April 1, and many enterprises actively adjusted the production rhythm and organized production and stocking, which would have a certain impact on the distribution of production tasks between months.

　　"To judge the economic situation, we should filter out these short-term factors. Judging from the overall economic operation in the first four months, the overall situation of stability and steady progress has not changed. " Liu Aihua said that while the economy is running smoothly, the economic structure continues to be optimized.

　　The industrial structure is moving towards the middle and high end. In April, the high-tech manufacturing industry grew by 11.2%, which was 5.8 percentage points faster than that of industries above designated size and 1.2 percentage points faster than that of the previous month. The high-end manufacturing industry accelerated its growth.

　　The investment structure is more perfect. 1— In April, investment in high-tech manufacturing industry increased by 11.4%, and investment in high-tech service industry increased by 15.5%, both of which were significantly faster than the growth rate of total investment.

　　The trade structure continued to be optimized. 1— In April, the import and export of general trade accounted for 59.8% of the total import and export, an increase of 1.3 points over the same period of last year.

　　In the future, CPI will not rise sharply, and there is a solid foundation for stable prices.

　　Among the economic indicators in April, the price indicator has also received much attention. In April, the consumer price (CPI) rose by 2.5% year-on-year, of which the food price rose by 6.1%, up by 2 percentage points from the previous month. Some media have raised concerns. Why are food prices rising so fast? Will there be inflation?

　　"From the future trend, food is a very important consideration. At present, China’s grain and oil supply is relatively sufficient and the price is relatively stable, which has laid a good foundation for the stability of the overall price. " Liu Aihua explained that in April, the three categories of fresh vegetables, fresh fruits and livestock meat all increased by more than 10% year-on-year, and the impact on the overall CPI was about 0.2— Between 0.4 percentage points. However, there is no need to worry too much about the trend of vegetable prices and meat prices in the future.

　　Fresh vegetables and fruits with strong seasonality are greatly affected by seasonality. The price of fresh vegetables and fresh fruits rose in April, which was obviously affected by seasonal factors of extreme weather. These seasonal short-term shocks were not sustainable, and the price increase of fresh vegetables and fresh fruits would not last at a high level.

　　Similarly, with the gradual recovery of meat prices, farmers’ enthusiasm for replenishing columns will also increase accordingly. It should be said that after a period of time, the production capacity can make up for the shortage and shortage of supply, and the price of meat will be stabilized.

　　With regard to inflation, besides food, there are two other considerations. One is the price of industrial consumer goods, and the other is the price of services. "China’s industrial system is relatively complete, production capacity is relatively surplus in many fields, supply capacity is sufficient, and industrial consumer goods do not have the basis for a sharp rise. The service price has maintained a steady increase since last year, but it is relatively high. After years of vigorous policy guidance, private capital has continuously entered, and the cultivation and development of the service market is relatively fast. Although the growth rate remains relatively high, it is relatively stable. " Liu Aihua said that, on the whole, whether from food or industrial consumer goods and services, CPI will not rise sharply in the future, and there is a solid foundation for stable prices.

　　With good resilience, sufficient potential and strong vitality, China’s economy’s ability to cope with external shocks has been continuously enhanced.

　　"From the performance of China’s economy last year, the ability to resist risks is constantly increasing." Liu Aihua said that according to this year’s data, GDP in the first quarter increased by 6.4%, which is generally considered to be better than expected. "At present, China’s economy has shown a state of good resilience, full potential and strong vitality, and China’s ability to cope with external shocks is constantly increasing. The performance of the data can be said that facts speak louder than words. "

　　Liu Aihua analyzed that China’s characteristics of good economic resilience, sufficient potential and strong vitality will continue. No matter in the short or medium term, the positive factors have not changed.

　　Good toughness. Over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up, China’s economy has a relatively complete industrial system and a relatively complete infrastructure, with a working-age population of nearly 900 million, of which 170 million are high-quality talents with higher education or vocational education. The combination of material foundation and talent foundation has laid a solid foundation for sustained, stable and healthy economic development.

　　"The supply-side structural reform since the end of 2015 has played a positive role in improving the quality and level of supply. The quality changes, power changes and efficiency changes that have taken place in the supply field will provide lasting impetus for the high-quality economic development in the future. " Liu Aihua said.

　　Full potential. China has a population of nearly 1.4 billion and the most growing middle-income group. The trend of consumption upgrading is more and more obvious, with great consumption potential, and consumption has become the main engine of economic growth. At the end of last year, the Central Economic Work Conference clearly stated that promoting the formation of a strong domestic market will be a key task in 2019. With the increase of residents’ income, the improvement of consumption environment, the improvement of product quality and the accelerated implementation of a series of policies and measures, the consumption potential will be further released. Investment still has great potential in promoting industrial upgrading and filling the shortcomings of development.

　　Strong vitality. In recent years, a series of policies and measures such as decentralization, tax reduction and fee reduction have been continuously implemented, and the business environment in China has been continuously optimized, and the enthusiasm for innovation and entrepreneurship has been continuously improved. In April, the manufacturing purchasing managers’ index has been in the expansion range for the second consecutive month, and the expected index of production and business activities is also in the relatively high boom range of more than 56% for the third consecutive month; The business activity index of non-manufacturing industry has maintained a relatively high prosperity, which has been above 54% for four consecutive months, and the expected business activity index is higher.

　　"At present, China’s inflation level and fiscal deficit ratio are still relatively low, foreign exchange reserves are relatively sufficient, macro-policy operation space is still relatively large, and policy tools are relatively sufficient. On the whole, the macro-policy space is an important guarantee for promoting the stable and healthy development of China’s economy in the future. " Liu Aihua said, "China’s long-term economic fundamentals are more stable, its development space continues to expand, its ability to cope with external challenges continues to improve, and its economy has a solid foundation for maintaining stable and healthy development."

　　People’s Daily (11th edition, May 16, 2019)

　　Core reading

　　Deep and complex changes have taken place in the domestic and international environment, which put forward higher requirements for the "original leading" basic research, and its characteristics such as long cycle, strong exploration, high risk and uncertain progress are more prominent. The traditional "tracking learning" discipline layout, resource allocation and scientific research ecology need to be transformed urgently. In the future, we should pay more attention to people-centered, reform the resource allocation and evaluation incentive mechanism, persistently strengthen basic research, strengthen the foundation of disciplines and talents, carry forward the scientific spirit and culture, create a good soft environment and micro-ecology, and ensure that researchers concentrate on research.

　　In his speech at the symposium of scientists, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed: "It is necessary to create a good scientific research ecology conducive to basic research, establish and improve a scientific evaluation system and incentive mechanism, encourage researchers to emancipate their minds and make bold innovations, and let scientists concentrate on research." Basic scientific research refers to the activities of studying natural and social laws, logic and phenomena, which is referred to as basic research for short. Since 2018, the State Council has issued several documents such as Opinions on Strengthening Basic Scientific Research in an All-round Way, Notice on Optimizing Scientific Research Management and Improving Scientific Research Performance, and the general offices of the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council have issued documents such as Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Project Evaluation, Talent Evaluation and Institution Evaluation, and Opinions on Further Promoting the Spirit of Scientists and Strengthening the Construction of Style and Study Style, all of which have put forward specific reform measures to optimize the scientific research environment.

　　Under the new situation, profound and complex changes have taken place in the domestic and international environment, which puts forward higher requirements for "original leading" basic research, and its characteristics such as long cycle, strong exploration, high risk and uncertain progress are more prominent. The traditional "tracking learning" discipline layout, resource allocation and scientific research ecology need to be transformed urgently. In the future, we should pay more attention to people-centered, reform the resource allocation and evaluation incentive mechanism, persistently strengthen basic research, strengthen the foundation of disciplines and talents, carry forward the scientific spirit and culture, create a good soft environment and micro-ecology, and ensure that researchers concentrate on research.

　　Discipline and talents are the foundation of basic research and scientific research ecology.

　　Sixty-five years ago, the Outline of the Future Plan for the Development of Science and Technology in 1956-1967 pointed out that "scientific research is not only for the advancement of individual disciplines, but also for the all-round development of science and technology, so that all scientific departments can become an organic whole, thus developing more marginal disciplines or more growing points", emphasizing that "sufficient attention must be paid to the cultivation of new forces. Without the massive growth of new forces, it is impossible to develop science on a large scale quickly. " Fifteen years ago, the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-term Scientific and Technological Development Plan (2006-2020) emphasized that "basic research is an important source of high-tech development, the cradle of cultivating innovative talents, the foundation of building advanced culture, and the internal driving force of future scientific and technological development", which requires that "based on the characteristics of accumulated basic research, strong exploration and unpredictable progress, basic disciplines should be comprehensively laid out and highlighted. Through long-term and profound academic research accumulation, we will promote the improvement of original innovation ability and promote the coordinated development of multiple disciplines. " Under the new situation, to develop high-quality basic research, we should follow the law of "accumulate more and develop less", improve the discipline and talent development system, lay a solid foundation for the construction of a world science center, and achieve a great leap in the overall level and international influence of basic research.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed: "On the one hand, basic research should follow the law of scientific discovery, be driven by curiosity to explore the mysteries of the world, and encourage free exploration and full exchange and debate; On the other hand, driven by major scientific and technological problems, we should abstract theoretical problems in major applied research, and then explore scientific laws so that basic research and applied research can promote each other. " Basic research has the characteristics of large investment, long cycle and high risk, so it is easy to be weakened in innovation chain. The allocation of basic research resources mainly by means of competition is conducive to "short, flat and fast" projects, which is not conducive to painstaking research. Some "unpopular" disciplines can’t be "immediate" because of their practical value, which leads to unsustainable funding, serious brain drain and even the embarrassing situation that no one cares. To this end, it is necessary to systematically monitor the frontier direction of various disciplines and promote the balanced layout and cross-integration development of various disciplines. Strengthen support for traditional basic disciplines such as mathematics, physics, physics, geography and biology, and key basic disciplines such as materials and information. Optimize the resource input of popular disciplines and improve the quality and efficiency of input and output. Support professional institutions and societies to continue to pay attention to the development of unpopular, blank, marginal and new disciplines, and avoid some indispensable disciplines becoming weak or even extinct. Pratt & Whitney supports young researchers who are in the initial stage of scientific research, and stably supports young and middle-aged scientists who stand out from the crowd to work hard in the frontier of basic science of interest and constantly March into the breadth and depth of science and technology.

　　Culture and spirit are the soul of basic research and scientific research ecology.

　　Advanced productive forces come from the practice of scientific and technological innovation and advanced scientific and cultural atmosphere, and grow up in a social environment where the public understands and supports science. Scientific spirit and scientist spirit are important components of advanced culture and spiritual civilization. The Chinese nation is an innovative nation. Our ancient science and technology were ahead of the world and made great contributions to human civilization. However, after the Ming Dynasty, China drifted away from the development trend of science and technology in the world, and repeatedly missed the historical opportunity of enriching the people and strengthening the country. China lost not in economic scale, but in backward technology. The reasons for this situation are complicated, and the lack of scientific culture is one of the key factors. Since the founding of New China, the CPC Central Committee has attached great importance to the cause of science and technology, established a comprehensive and independent scientific research system, formed a large-scale scientific and technological team, and achieved one after another remarkable scientific and technological achievements. Scientific spirit and culture have become an important part of Chinese civilization. On the journey towards a powerful country in science and technology and a modern country, we should strengthen our cultural confidence and innovation confidence, stick to the road of independent innovation with China characteristics, and strive to make new historical contributions to human civilization.

　　Scientists in China should not only lead the trend of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation with new breakthroughs in scientific and technological innovation, but also lead the new fashions such as national feelings, scientific spirit, innovative spirit, craftsman spirit, responsibility style and dedication spirit with great scientist spirit. Take first-class scientific research institutions and first-class societies as the pilot, establish an evaluation and incentive mechanism that conforms to the characteristics of basic research, and implement a nomination system for the evaluation and reward of basic research talents and achievements, so as to avoid running projects, competing for awards and grabbing hats, and free researchers from tedious evaluation and reward. Improve the treatment of basic researchers, strengthen the support of stable funds, and take the scientific contribution and quality of representative works rather than quantity and influencing factors as the basis for evaluating incentives. Build an innovative and friendly society, improve the scientific quality of the whole people, and form a large number of young people with the potential of scientists. Guide more talented, interested, capable, courageous and responsible young researchers to join the basic research team continuously, emancipate their minds and make bold innovations.

　　Soft environment and microecology are the bottom of basic research and scientific research ecology.

　　To make an original breakthrough in basic research, we need not only "hard" facilities such as scientific research instruments and conditional platforms as support, but also "soft" environment such as system, management and service as guarantee. Good scientific research micro-ecology and team innovation cultural atmosphere are the bottom of basic research scientific research ecology. In March 1978, the National Science Conference was held. Deng Xiaoping sincerely told scientists that "I would like to be everyone’s logistics minister", and under his call and drive, the spring of science ushered in. In recent years, from the central government to ministries and local governments, a series of measures have been intensively introduced to improve the system and mechanism of scientific and technological innovation. At the national level, a "1+N" basic research policy system has been constructed, and the macro-basic research and scientific research ecology has been further improved, and a number of micro-ecological models have emerged. Give full play to the role of scientific community in academic norms, communication, supervision and self-discipline, and form a good micro-ecology. However, the scientific research management of some localities, societies and institutions still simply applies administrative management and even tends to be "over-administrative", and a series of favorable policies and measures in the field of science and technology have not been implemented in place, which has compromised the effect of the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform.

　　Only when the soft environment and micro-ecology of grass-roots scientific research are greatly improved can we truly form a clean academic environment and an innovative and friendly social atmosphere, and significantly improve the overall basic research and scientific research ecology. At the macro level, improve the governance system of scientific and technological innovation, strengthen the overall coordination of departments, avoid policy conflicts, form a joint force of reform, and jointly guide institutions, societies and localities to do a good job in supporting the system to ensure the implementation of policies. At the meso level, it is clear about the functional orientation and value creation orientation of the innovation subject, encourages to try first, and refines related projects, talents, institutions, achievement management methods and evaluation and reward criteria to prevent policy implementation from going through the motions. At the micro level, the relevant policies to give scientific research institutions and researchers greater autonomy will be effective, the internal control system of scientific research integrity will be improved, the evaluation system of seeking truth and being pragmatic, encouraging innovation and tolerating failure will be established, the classified evaluation will be refined, the soft environment and micro-ecology of scientific research will be optimized, a good style of study will be created, and researchers will be guaranteed to devote their time and energy to intensive research and academic discussions, so as to achieve more "0-1" breakthroughs.

　　A generation has a generation of struggle, and an era has an era’s responsibility. Creating a good ecological environment for basic research is a huge systematic project, which cannot be achieved overnight and once and for all. It requires the long-term unremitting efforts of policy makers, science and technology managers, scientific communities, scientific research institutions and researchers, and all sectors of society. On the main level, we should give full play to the leading role of the demonstration of scientists, so that the spirit of scientists, such as "patriotic spirit of caring for the motherland and serving the people, innovative spirit of courageously climbing the peak and being the first, realistic spirit of pursuing truth and rigorous scholarship, dedication of indifferent to fame and fortune and devoted research, collaborative spirit of gathering wisdom to tackle key problems, unity and cooperation, and educational spirit of being willing to be a ladder for others, rewarding others and learning later", can be internalized, externalized, and integrated with knowledge and practice. On the content level, we should adhere to the "Four Orientations", strengthen demand orientation and problem orientation, and condense scientific problems from the practical problems faced by China’s economic and social development, people’s livelihood improvement and national defense construction, so that scientific discovery, technological invention, industrial innovation and social progress can promote each other. On the environmental level, we should give priority to positive incentives, increase the proportion of long-term stable support for basic research, establish a scientific and reasonable salary system, significantly strengthen the construction of academic ethics and the education and training of scientific research norms, compact the legal and social responsibilities of relevant subjects, and continuously optimize the scientific research ecology.

　　BEIJING, April 26th (Xinhua)-The spy war drama Mi Cha, starring Yu Rongguang, Lian Yiming, Chang Cheng, Qi Hang, Qu Yihong, Zhang Bohan, Wang Dao, Li Tianzhu and others, came to a close last night.

　　This spy war drama, with a cost of only 50 million yuan, has been ranked first in the national network and CCTV for 14 consecutive days since its launch, and the online broadcast volume has exceeded 100 million.

　　The spy war drama Micha is adapted from Ma Ying’s novel Micha 1938. Based on real historical events, it tells the story of Xuan Xiafu (Ethan)’ s bizarre disappearance.

　　On the day of the first broadcast, it achieved a good result of 1.0% average audience rating, 4.55% average share, 1.23% highest audience rating of single episode and 6.24% highest share of single episode, ranking first in the country, and remained the first in the following 14 days. In the absence of the blessing of traffic stars, the popularity of the network has gone up, and many viewers expressed great disappointment at the closing ceremony.

　　In this regard, Tom Mu, the chief producer, said that in order to attract young people to sit down and watch the drama, he really put his mind into the design of the drama series and characters.

　　""Micha "is a detective and spy war, which is very dramatic. We put the big historical background behind us and let the fictional characters stand in front of the stage. The historical background involved in the play and the deeds of General Xuan Xiafu are all true. " Tom Mu said that in order to achieve the effect of showing a lot of plot clues and strong suspense immediately at the opening, the team made great efforts in the first three episodes and has been revising them repeatedly, so as to make the audience understand and be attracted, and to lay a solid foundation for the complicated plot development in the future.

　　In addition to having a good story and a fresh and vivid core, the "Mi Cha" team is also very strong. The chief producer Xu Bing is the screenwriter of the spy war classic "Red"; The later director is Qiao Aiyu, the editor of Crazy Alien. Zheng Xiaofeng of Assembly serves as production designer; Zeng Minghui provided styling design for the play; Sha Baoliang sang the theme song "Between You and Me", and Bian Jiang voiced the leading actor Wu Zhongming … …

　　Actors, in addition to young actors such as Arqie, Deng Sha, Chang Cheng, Qi Hang, Qu Yihong and Zhang Bohan, also invited old performers such as Yu Rongguang, Lian Yiming, Li Tianzhu, Gong Beie, Jiang Chao and Zhang Songwen.

　　In addition, "Mi Cha" also enabled 12 artists who signed up for the midsummer starry sky. For the "integration of director, production and performance", Tom Mu, the chief producer, said that on the one hand, the film and television industry has great costs from running-in, familiarity, trust and tacit understanding. The team can create better works efficiently; On the other hand, the company is very familiar with and understands its own actors, and it is more accurate in selection and enjoys the initiative.

　　People’s Daily Online, Beijing, February 6 According to the website of china food and drug administration, a few days ago, the Food and Drug Administration issued a notice on the unqualified 65 batches of Chinese herbal pieces. According to the list of notices, 65 batches of Chinese herbal pieces produced by 61 enterprises failed the inspection, and these 65 batches of Chinese herbal pieces were all licorice pieces. There are many well-known domestic pharmaceutical companies in the list of 61 enterprises, including Beijing Tongrentang, Shizhentang and Jianshengyuan.

　　After inspection by Beijing Institute for Drug Control, 65 batches of Chinese herbal pieces produced by 61 enterprises such as Jiangxi Zhangshu Tianqitang Chinese herbal pieces Co., Ltd. were unqualified. The relevant information is hereby notified as follows:

　　1. Tested by Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Marked as Beijing Guancheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hebei Qizhongxin Pharmaceutical Granule Pieces Co., Ltd., Hebei Qiyitang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hebei Quantai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., anguo city Qi ‘ao Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Chifeng Zizhi Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Heilongjiang Xiangtai Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Shiyitang Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Shanghai Hongqiao Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Huahong Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd. Anhui Jiezhong Biochemistry Co., Ltd., Bozhou Qiancao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bozhou Huqiao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bozhou Yonggang Pieces Factory Co., Ltd., Beijing Tongrentang (Bozhou) Pieces Co., Ltd., Jiangxi Pengshi National Medicine Tang Pieces Co., Ltd., Jiangxi Zhangshu Tianqitang Chinese Medicine Pieces Co., Ltd., Jiangxi Zhihetang Chinese Medicine Pieces Co., Ltd., Henan Qingshan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing Shizhentang (Yichang)Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hubei Jingui Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Hunan Jinshitang Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Guangdong Tiantai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangxi Guigang Shennong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangxi Liuzhou Baicaotang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangxi Tongfutang Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Guangxi Yulin Zhizhen Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Guangxi Zhangyitang Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Chongqing Tiankai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Sichuan Boren Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sichuan Jingxin Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Sichuan Xiangru Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sichuan Yuanshangcao Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Chengdu Yicheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Liangshan Xinxin Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Bazhong Kelun Pharmaceutical Trading Co., Ltd., Guizhou Miaozhiling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yunnan Xianghui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shaanxi Xingshengde Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Weinan Putaihe Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd. 63 batches of licorice (licorice tablets) produced by Gansu Guanlan Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Lanzhou Xukang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhangye Hengli Chinese Herbal Processing Co., Ltd., Ningxia Northwest Medicinal Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Ningxia Yongshoutang Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd., Xinjiang Heji Chinese Herbal Pieces Co., Ltd. were unqualified. Unqualified items include character and content determination.

　　After inspection by Beijing Institute for Drug Control, two batches of roasted licorice produced by Shanxi Hunyuan Wansheng Astragalus Development Co., Ltd. and Jiangsu Jianshengyuan Chinese Herbal Medicine Co., Ltd. were unqualified. Unqualified items include character and content determination.

　　Two, the unqualified Chinese herbal pieces, the relevant provincial food and drug supervision and management departments have taken control measures such as seizure, requiring enterprises to suspend sales and use, recall products, and carry out rectification.

　　Third, china food and drug administration requires the provincial food and drug supervision and administration department where the relevant units are located to initiate an investigation on the illegal acts of producing and selling substandard drugs by the above-mentioned enterprises in accordance with Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Drug Administration Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), make public the results of the treatment of the relevant units producing and selling substandard drugs within three months, and report relevant information in a timely manner.

　　In the case investigation, if an enterprise has any objection to the authenticity of the product, it can submit it to the local provincial food and drug supervision and administration department, which will investigate and verify the production and sales of the enterprise and inform the provincial food and drug supervision and administration department where the sampled unit is located. The provincial food and drug supervision and administration department where the sampled unit is located shall immediately file an investigation and trace the source of the product after receiving the notice of objection to the authenticity of the unqualified product. If it is indeed produced by the label production enterprise, the relevant provincial food and drug supervision and administration department will give the production enterprise a heavier punishment. (Zhu Jiang)

As a folding screen user, when I take out my mobile phone to show it to my friends, I always have to face the question from my friends, "What’s the use of your big screen except watching videos and comics?" Indeed, since you already have a big screen, it is undoubtedly a huge waste to bring more gameplay without optimization. However, manufacturers have naturally considered this point. The current mainstream folding screen mobile phones are basically optimized at the system level. Let me take you to see it.

　Pocket

The function of the external screen can be far more than just making the selfie look better. With the help of the service card function of HarmonyOS, Huawei P50 Pocket can operate the main functions such as notification, schedule, calendar, music, weather and wallet payment through the external screen without opening the cover, eliminating redundant operation time, directly obtaining the desired information and obtaining service support faster.

The service card function can also support the quick use of many three-party applications on the external screen. After adding an external screen card in the settings, the Alipay payment code can be displayed after sliding the external screen left, making payment faster; When walking and riding, open the Gaode Map APP software, and the navigation screen can still be displayed after the cover is closed, making it easier to understand the trajectory and navigation information. I believe that with the participation of more and more developers, the external screen of Huawei P50 Pocket will become more and more useful.

Thanks to the stronger light perception ability of hyperspectral imaging system, Huawei P50 Pocket is also an effective "assistant" in skin care management. Enter the mirror App through the external screen, and click it to enter the sunscreen detection interface. This function allows us to quickly and intuitively find out whether the sunscreen on the face is evenly applied. The difference between AI skin measurement software and ordinary skin measurement software is that the skin state can be deeply detected by hyperspectral imaging technology. According to the intelligent voice prompts, a comprehensive skin measurement record will be generated, and the mobile phone will also provide us with reasonable nursing suggestions according to the measurement results, making skin care more scientific.

OPPO　Find　N

OPPO’s ColorOS for Find N system, which is specially customized for Find N, is deeply optimized from the software level, greatly improving the information carrying capacity and use efficiency of the big screen.

For the larger display area of large screen, ColorOS for Find N greatly optimizes the experience of split screen and small window function. Just slide your fingers in the middle of the screen to quickly split the screen. This quick operation greatly increases the frequency of using the split screen function. For the commonly used split screen combination, you can also choose to save it to the desktop, so that it can be quickly opened next time.

If you just need to switch between apps temporarily, you can also choose the floating window function. On ColorOS for Find N, turning an application into a floating window can be done with just four fingers and one pinch. At the same time, you can also quickly call out the small window application through the smart sidebar. You don’t have to switch between apps repeatedly when you need to count temporarily.

vivo　X　Fold

As a folding flagship for business people, vivo provides X Fold with three office applications-amber scanning, atomic notes and quantum suite.

Need to scan paper documents, but don’t have a scanner with you? Amber scanning App can help, which is a free and advertisement-free specialty independently developed by vivo, with text recognition technology as the core and pre-installed by default. You can consult, transmit and sort out the daily required information at any time when you don’t carry your certificate with you when you are at work or on a business trip.

In the past two years, cross-platform interconnection has become one of the focuses of users’ attention, and vivo, as the mainstream mobile phone brand in China, has naturally taken action. Its quantum suite realizes the interconnection and synchronization between mobile phones and Windows or Mac computers by searching/scanning codes/data lines. It is worth noting that Quantum Suite is the first Android mobile phone interconnection suite to realize cross-device office interconnection with Mac. Mac users who have been neglected for a long time can now enjoy the relaxed experience of cross-platform interconnection.

Atomic notes bring professional functions into the lightweight App, bringing an overall improvement in the experience. It uses fingertip interaction, allowing you to complete mobile editing by long pressing, dragging and sliding on the machine. At the same time, a rich effect package is built in, so that you can drag and drop a series of complex operations such as font style, caret, dividing line, template and so on, which you need to use a computer to achieve, so that you can make excellent works in a few simple steps.