The staff of Qingdao West Coast New District Market Supervision Bureau inspected the goods vehicles entering the park. Photo by Zhang Mingkun

The staff of Qingdao West Coast New District Market Supervision Bureau inspected the beer tent. Zhang Mingkun

　　From July 26th to August 6th, during the 12-day period when Golden Beach Beer City opened its doors for customers, the west coast law enforcement agencies inspected 25,075 batches of food raw materials, inspected 2,018 households, sampled 1,320 batches of food, and issued 507 supervision opinions. The staff of the Market Supervision Bureau running in the beer city built a food safety defense line for the beer city to protect the safety of citizens and tourists.

　　The source controls the food entering the park.

　　At about 14 o’clock on the 6th, the reporter followed the law enforcement team of Qingdao West Coast New District Market Supervision Bureau to inspect the freight vehicles that are about to enter the park one by one. On the street outside the logistics channel monitoring station, a young man carrying tofu was stopped by the team members. It turned out that in the routine inspection just conducted, the young man could not provide relevant certificates such as the store business license.

　　"All foods and drinks entering Golden Beach Beer City must be qualified as manufacturers, and at the same time, they must have corresponding purchase orders and inspection reports. Those who do not meet the requirements are prohibited from entering the park." Zhang Haijun, deputy director of Qingdao West Coast New District Market Supervision Bureau, said that the team members need to check the business license, food business license, test report, purchase receipts and other qualifications of the suppliers one by one for the vehicles entering the park to ensure the safety of the food entering the park.

　　Although the young man kept telling the team members that he could eat a piece of tofu to prove his safety, the team members still stopped him outside the beer city. At his side, two other young people took away more than 300 kilograms of rice cakes with carts. The same reason is that it is impossible to provide relevant certificates such as store business license.

　　Products that are returned because they cannot provide relevant certificates are not a case. In order to ensure the food safety of Oktoberfest, the Market Supervision Bureau set up a 19-person logistics channel group to inspect the food processing raw materials and newly produced draft beers entering the beer city batch by batch in three time periods: morning (6: 00-8: 00), noon (12: 30-14: 30) and early morning (11: 00-3: 00), and to check the three noes. As of the 6th, 25,075 batches of food raw materials have been inspected and 63 batches of unqualified ingredients have been returned.

　　In addition, the relevant staff of the Market Supervision Bureau also implemented an uninterrupted inspection system for beer tents and beer huts, focusing on the purchase and sale accounts, food shelf life, production date, etc., and supervising the destruction of overnight spoiled food and beer found in the inspection. By the 6th, 2018 households had been inspected, 332 kilograms of seafood and overnight food had been destroyed, and 507 supervision opinions had been issued.

　　Quick food inspection and investigation of potential safety hazards

　　In terms of food inspection, the Market Supervision Bureau has specially set up a Oktoberfest quick inspection team to conduct quick on-site inspection on the food and containers sold every day. The detection items include pesticide residue detection of fruits and vegetables, clenbuterol detection of pork and mutton, nitrite detection of cooked meat products, malachite green and formaldehyde detection of fresh seafood, chloramphenicol detection of cultured aquatic products, ATP detection of sterilized tableware and wine, etc.

　　"Generally within 30 minutes, the test can be completed in 1 minute at the earliest." Xue Jun, head of the quick inspection team, said that the quick inspection method is timely and effective, which is convenient for staff to respond quickly to tourists’ complaints, ensure food safety in the first time and investigate food safety hazards. "If the test result is positive, we will notify the district testing center or a third party to test and sample, send it to the laboratory for further testing and confirmation, and investigate and deal with the suspected illegal activities." Xue Jun said.

　　In order to strengthen the intensity and frequency of sampling inspection and ensure food safety to the maximum extent, the fast-track inspection team of the Market Supervision Bureau conducts random sampling inspection on the food operated by Oktoberfest households every day, sampling about 120 batches of samples every day, and so far, a total of 1,320 batches have been tested.

　　Check the price. Tourists eat with peace of mind.

　　In order to make the tourists in Golden Beach Beer City have a good time, the Market Supervision Bureau also strictly controls the price tag, giving administrative guidance to the price lists of 9 beer tents, 3 e-sports areas, 34 wooden houses and 18 Zhiwei food cities, indicating the types and weights of seafood and kebabs, deleting bad advertising slogans such as "killing bean skin" and "bombing squid" and modifying "oysters".

　　In addition, there is a special equipment inspection team, which randomly checks at least 3 elevators, 2 large amusement facilities and 5 sightseeing bus every day, and issues a rectification instruction on the spot for illegal behaviors of users. Now, 3 cases of illegal use of special equipment have been investigated and rectified in time. (Qilu Evening News Qilu point reporter Pan Xuye intern Zhang Mingkun correspondent Lan Meina)

　　At 8: 00 a.m. on April 11th, Yang Jingshuang, deputy head of Xie Qiao Public Security Brigade of Huaishun Branch of Huainan Public Security Bureau, led a patrol and found a man in his thirties coming across the street. He was clean but gaunt, but he seemed to want to dodge when he saw the police. The sensitivity of the profession made Yang Jingshuang decide to check it according to law. The inquiry found that the man had neither an ID card nor could he "introduce" himself clearly. Subsequently, the police brought this person back to the brigade.

　　After sitting down, the man reported two names successively, and the result was that there was no such person. At this time, the police began to suspect that this person was a fugitive, otherwise why should they hide their true identity? The leaders of the brigade, such as Zhu Xianggui, Xu Jian and Yang Jingshuang, decided to intensify the inquiry after deliberation. In desperation, the man reported another ID number, but the police found that the owner of this ID number had his account cancelled. Is he using someone else’s identity? In order to find out, the police took a picture of the man and uploaded it to the Interpol Brigade of the sub-bureau for comparison, while asking him to provide family, relatives or other information to prove his identity.

　　After a while, the man whispered, "My name is Li Yu, and my home is in Funan. I still remember my fixed telephone number, but I haven’t called for many years. I don’t know if I can get through." Also, that ID number is really mine. I used to be a student of Huaibei Normal University. " The policeman asked, "Don’t you go home?" The man said, "I haven’t been home for 9 years and I haven’t contacted my family." "Why?" "Because I didn’t get my diploma, I didn’t have the face to see them."

　　After listening to the man’s narrative, the police felt incredible. In order to verify, the police took the man to his residence, the abandoned vacant room, and a bed covered with quilts under the broken window, except for nothing. Then, the police dialed the fixed telephone. "Hello, is this Li Yujia?" After there was a silence on the other end of the phone, an old female voice came, "Yes!" "Oh, we are responsible for the recruitment of enterprises. Li Wei does not have an ID card, so we dare not accept it." "Yes, he is my son. Where are you?" The situation was unclear. The police hung up after perfunctory words, but they hung up here. The other party immediately called again and kept asking: "Where is Li Wei?" Where are you? " The policeman excused himself from being busy and said that he would call back later. Immediately, they contacted the Academic Affairs Office of Huaibei Normal University, the Security Section and the police station in the jurisdiction for a visit. The response was that Li Yu was indeed a 2005 student of the school, but later he disappeared for no reason and there was no news. After many contacts failed, the police station in the jurisdiction cancelled his collective account. At this time, the branch criminal police brigade also fed back the news. After comparison, this person is not a fugitive. The police finally determined that the person in front of them was Li Yu, a college student who had been missing for 9 years, and the person on the other end of the phone was Li Yu’s mother who had been waiting for 9 years.

　　After eating and drinking enough, Li Wei opened a "chatterbox" in front of the police. It turned out that in the year of graduation in 2009, he failed two courses, which led to his failure to get a diploma. He went home to ask for money, ready to go back to school to continue studying for make-up exams, but it was also a burden for a rural family with seven children. With money and his brother’s complaints, the depressed Li Yulai went to Fuyang Railway Station to prepare for Huaibei. At this time, the accident that led to his disappearance happened, and his wallet and ID card were lost. When he goes home to ask for money, he can’t open his mouth; When he returned to school, he was penniless. In the railway station square, Li Yu sat for a long time. Finally, he got up and walked to a lighted construction site in the distance. He decided not to go back anywhere. After working as a coolie on the construction site for two years, Li Yu followed him to Xieqiao for two years. Later, when the project was over and the boss left, Li Yu had to rely on odd jobs to make a living. He drifted outside for nine years, but he didn’t make a phone call home.

　　"Hey, are you Li Yu’s mother? I am a policeman, Li Yu is with us, and he is fine. " When Yang Jingshuang called Li Yu’s family again and said these words, Li Yu’s mother cried and didn’t speak for a long time. Soon, accompanied by Li Yu’s nephew, she went to Xie Qiao Public Security Brigade.

　　After a lapse of nine years, the mother and son met, and the two voices did not come out, and the tears flowed first … … (Li Wei is a pseudonym in the text) (correspondent Zhu Zongbao, reporter Chen Cheng)

Cctv news "I work everywhere, but the folks in the mountains need me more." This is a sentence that Yuan Zijie often says. This young post-80s policeman has been rooted in the countryside for 14 years.

Yuan Zijie, born in 1980, joined the public security system in July 2000. On the road of being a policeman, Yuan Zijie was deeply influenced by his family. As a descendant of a revolutionary family, Communist party member, Yuan Zijie has deep feelings for the Party. His grandfather was an Eighth Route Army soldier and participated in the Hundred Regiments War. Grandpa was an "old revolution" who worked before the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Under the influence of this revolutionary family, his young mind has long remembered the purpose of our party’s "serving the people wholeheartedly", and Yuan Zijie inspired himself to be a qualified Communist party member.

Take root at the grassroots level and care for the masses.

After graduating from the police academy, Yuan Zijie returned to his hometown Liulin and became a criminal policeman. Shortly after entering the police, he cracked the case of Wang’s gang robbing a taxi.

"This kid does have two brushes." Li Qiutian, then the squadron leader of the Second Squadron of Criminal Police of Liulin County Public Security Bureau, made no secret of his appreciation for Yuan Zijie. Since then, Yuan Zijie has become one of the elite police forces that the county bureau will deploy every project. Although the criminal police brought Yuan Zijie a sense of accomplishment, he always remembered his grandfather’s words: "The countryside is a good place, with a vast world and great achievements."

In 2002, in order to exercise himself, Yuan Zijie gave up his job in the criminal police team of the county bureau and applied to be a grassroots policeman in the Mengmen police station with the most difficult conditions. In 2012, he served as the instructor of Liuyu Town Police Station. For more than ten years, I have been rooted in the mountainous areas and dedicated my youth to the people in the mountains.

"It’s not easy for people in mountainous areas. It’s a help. Go, dad supports you! " The support of his family encouraged Yuan Zijie.

On New Year’s Eve, when Yuan Zijie first arrived in Mengmen Town, there was a case of picking quarrels and making trouble in the local area. After receiving the police, Yuan Zijie and his colleagues immediately went to the police and launched an investigation. 12 inquiry materials were sorted out overnight, and 6 illegal persons were administratively detained. On New Year’s Day, Yuan Zijie and his colleagues cooked some dried noodles at the police station after a busy night, thus spending his first Spring Festival at the grassroots level.

People in mountainous areas have been farming for generations, and they don’t pay attention to the registration. Living in the most remote tower village in Liuyu Town, there is a father and son. In 2012, after Yuan Zijie learned about the situation of the father and son during his visit, he immediately began to investigate and collect evidence and reissued the account for the father and son. Since then, the father and son can receive 4000 yuan compensation every year, and also enjoy old-age insurance and medical insurance.

During more than three years in Liuyu Police Station, Yuan Zijie has reissued accounts for 2,722 people.

"This Eva is really good! Willing to do things for the masses. " Anyone who has dealt with Yuan Zijie will give a thumbs up. Over the years, Yuan Zijie insisted on the convenience service, and delivered more than 1,000 certificates to the elderly over 70 years old, which was well received by the people in mountainous areas.

On July 18, 2012, more than 100 migrant workers from Jiangsu province reported that their wages of more than 900,000 yuan could not be cashed. He learned more about these 100 migrant workers’ brothers in detail, obtained evidence from many parties, consulted materials, and repeatedly negotiated with the contractor to persuade them. In the end, both sides were moved by his sincerity, and more than 100 migrant workers’ brothers successfully got hard-earned money and sent it to a plaque with the words "Liulin police warm people’s hearts, Jiangsu migrant workers are deeply grateful".

An expert in criminal investigation keeps one side safe.

When the Ministry of Public Security launched the "Clean-up Action", Yuan Zijie took the initiative to fight, and thoroughly investigated the fugitives in the area one by one, and cleared all the fugitives in the area.

It is worth mentioning that when Liu, an intentional murderer who had absconded for 16 years, was arrested on Mid-Autumn Festival night in 2011, in order not to leave a psychological shadow on Liu’s young children, Yuan Zijie suspended the opportunity to arrest him and held on for one night. The next morning, he and his comrades-in-arms successfully arrested Liu while his children were in school. Liu, who learned of the incident afterwards, was completely influenced by Yuan Zijie and was willing to plead guilty.

In the past 16 years, Yuan Zijie has detected 139 criminal cases and arrested 157 suspects. 246 cases of public security were investigated, and 273 offenders were punished. The incidence rate of criminal cases in the jurisdiction is decreasing year by year, which greatly improves the people’s sense of security and satisfaction.

Due to his outstanding work performance, in April 2014, Yuan Zijie was awarded the honorary title of "Shanxi Model Worker" by the Shanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Shanxi Provincial People’s Government; On October 28, 2014, he was awarded the honorary title of "National Model of Public Security Organs Caring for the People" by the Ministry of Public Security, and took the stage as an award-winning representative to accept the award from the central leadership. He was cordially received by the party and state leaders such as the Supreme Leader General Secretary and took a group photo. In January 2015, he was awarded the honorary title of "the second-class hero model of the national public security system" by the Ministry of Public Security. He is the only advanced individual in Liulin County who has been awarded this honor by the Ministry of Public Security since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. In February 2015, Gao Piao was selected as one of the top ten "Most Beautiful Lvliang People" in the "Most Beautiful Lvliang People" selection campaign conducted by the Propaganda Department of Lvliang Municipal Committee and Lvliang TV Station. In August 2015, he was elected as the candidate of "China Good Man" by the Propaganda Department of Shanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China; In October 2015, Yuan Zijie’s family was awarded the nomination family award of "the most beautiful family in Sanjin" by Shanxi Women’s Federation; In April 2016, he was rated as "Advanced Individual in Network Security Work of Public Security Organs in Shanxi Province" by Shanxi Provincial Public Security Department.

Hold a dream and hold up a sky. The relationship between the police and the people is like fish and water. Fish cannot live without water, and the police cannot live without the masses. Yuan Zijie revealed his magic weapon: only by having a heart-to-heart relationship with the masses can our work be carried out smoothly; Only by communicating with the masses can our cause flourish; Only by communicating with the masses can our dreams be within reach. He has fallen in love with the land and people where he works.

　　　　With the continuous improvement of the upgrading speed, the mobile phone configuration is also constantly refreshing the record. Ten-core processors and 4K screens have already appeared, and even the running memory has been upgraded to 6GB last year. At this year’s CES 2017, let’s see the debut of the first 8GB running memory mobile phone. In the past, 4GB was called Little Monster Level, so what is the concept of 8GB now? Today we will talk about 10 things about the running memory of mobile phones.

8GB is here. Does the mobile phone really need such a large storage?

　　　　1、How is the 8GB mobile phone stored? "come"?

　　　　There are many factors for the development of mobile phone running memory, the most important of which is the support of mobile phone SoC for mobile phone running memory. When the 64-bit processor began to be used, the smart phone officially announced that it had entered the era of 4GB running memory. With the advent of Qualcomm Xiaolong 820 processor, it supports up to 6GB of running memory, while Qualcomm Snapdragon 821 processor supports 8GB of running memory, and Samsung officially mass-produced 8GB of RAM particles. Hardware conditions allow, and 8 GB of running memory will naturally come.

　　　　2、What exactly is the running memory of a mobile phone?

　Dream is the first Android phone with 192MB of running memory.

　　　　If memory is mentioned, the first thing that users should think of is storage memory. When buying a mobile phone, they will first ask how big the memory is and how many "things (APP//blockbusters)" they can hold. Generally, the size of running memory is not asked. Running memory refers to the memory when the mobile phone runs the program, also called RAM (referred to as transport memory). In short, in theory, the larger the running memory of the mobile phone, the smoother the system runs.

　　　　3、Will the memory conference not have the problem of "excess" like the processor?

The first mobile phone with 1GB running memory-Samsung Galaxy SII

　　　　The running memory of a mobile phone is not like a processor. In a sense, there will be no "excess" problem, because as long as you open more applications, how much running memory will be filled, so there is no such problem as the processor.

　　　　4、How much storage does Android phone take up in daily use now?

Mobile phone system and daily multitasking occupy a lot of running memory.

　　　　Since the first release of Android Beta in 2007, after nearly ten years of continuous evolution and upgrading, the system has occupied more and more memory. From the original 1.0 native system only occupied 100M of memory, to the present 7.0 system occupied nearly 2GB of memory, plus various apps used daily, taking a 4GB mobile phone as an example, there may usually be only more than 1GB of running memory left.

　　　　5、Why is the Android phone stuck when it is used?

LG Optimus II is the first mobile phone with 2GB of memory.

　　　　"Caton" has always been a pain point that Android mobile phone users have to face. Speaking of the Android system, the mobile phone is stuck. In fact, this has a great reason with the mechanism of Android. Android and iOS are very different when dealing with garbage collection. Android’s garbage collection mechanism needs extra memory for garbage collection. When an Android application ends running, the mechanism needs more memory than it to recover the memory occupied by the application. In addition, more and more mobile phone programs are installed, the function of mobile phone APP is becoming more and more powerful, and the demand for ROM and RAM is becoming more and more powerful. Over time, mobile phones begin to get stuck.

　　　　6、How to clean up the special garbage of Android and iOS phones?

Samsung Galaxy Note 3, the first smartphone with 3GB of memory.

　　　　The special garbage collection mechanism of Android phone is similar to the eraser principle. A piece of white paper is full of dirt, and the eraser is erased word by word. The advantage is to accurately remove the dirt and keep the content needed on the paper. The disadvantage is that the recycling mechanism is slow to process. Once a large number of different Android applications run, the problem will follow. If the memory of Android phone is not enough to call this mechanism, the running speed will slow down. IOS has done a lot better in this respect, tearing off the dirty paper and opening a new page, which is fast, but when users switch back to these applications, they will experience the waiting process of restarting.

　　　　7、With a large amount of storage, Android phones will run faster?

The first smartphone with 4GB of running memory-

　　　　If the processor of Android phone has strong performance (speed up processing) and large memory capacity, it will have a unique advantage. It can ensure a large number of simultaneous operations, and the large memory capacity is convenient for the "Android garbage collection mechanism" to call memory, so that the system can maintain a relatively smooth state. And the user switches back to the previous application and remains in the last intact state.

　　　　8、What is the relationship between GPU performance and running memory?

Mobile phone GPU operation occupies running memory space.

　　　　Different from PC, smart phones often don’t have independent graphics cards, because the size and heat dissipation of mobile phones are limited. In other words, the GPU of the mobile phone also needs to call the running memory, so it is necessary to increase the capacity appropriately. At the same time, with the improvement of screen resolution, demand, and even popular virtual reality applications, mobile phones are required to have better graphics capabilities. In addition to the performance improvement of GPU, the larger the running memory, the better the performance of GPU.

　　　　9、Is it really necessary to equip a mobile phone with 8GB of running memory?

The first smartphone running 6GB of memory-

　　　　With the continuous expansion of smart phone functions, the volume of systems and applications will become larger and larger. More and more systems and applications will force mobile phone manufacturers to constantly upgrade their memory, which is a process of mutual promotion and spiral rise. Simply put, when 6GB is widely used, the demand for memory of systems and software will be further improved, and it is very necessary to store 6GB at this time. The same is true when 8GB of running memory arrives.

　　　　10. What is the relationship between the standard of LPDDR and running memory?

Development process of mobile phone memory standard

　　　　LPDDR is a kind of DDR SDRAM, which is a communication standard for low-power memory formulated by JEDEC solid-state technology association of the United States. In short, mobile phone memory particles are calibrated by this standard. The LPDDR RAM used in mobile phones is the abbreviation of "low power consumption double data rate memory", while the current LPDDR R4 for mobile platforms can bring equivalent performance (speed) and take into account less energy consumption. In addition, compared with the previous generation standard LPDDR4, two new features are double data rate and low power consumption; That is to say, the speed of speaking is 50% faster and the power consumption is low.

　　　　Write it at the end

　　　　In order to meet consumers’ pursuit of performance and the continuous expansion of mobile phone functions, mobile phone manufacturers have been upgrading processors and improving running memory. The memory of a mobile phone is like a driveway on a highway. The more and wider the driveway, the smoother it will be to drive, so the greater the operation of a smart phone, the smoother it will be to use. In addition, it should be noted that when you buy a mobile phone, you should not blindly pursue the absolute size of running memory, but also look at the remaining space under normal use of the mobile phone.

　　　　That’s all for today’s talk about the running memory of mobile phones. You are welcome to leave your views on the running memory of smart phones in the comments section.

　　Our reporter Li Xiazhi

　　"Fall in love? Destroy your whole family. " If you haven’t seen the recently hit online drama "East Palace", maybe you simply can’t understand a large number of new quotations such as "finding candy in the glass slag" invented by these self-proclaimed "East Palace girls" when chasing the drama. At the same time, another online drama "Falling in Love with the Big Dipper Boyfriend" with a completely different theme has become a "sweet pet drama in online celebrity" which has attracted much attention from netizens recently, because the plot of "making sugar" between the protagonists is so sweet and greasy that it is off the charts. The trend changes rapidly, the youth idol drama turns to the collective, and young people are keen on the relaxed and happy theme of "love brain", which is "collusion" between society and industry to some extent.

　　More than a dozen movies a year, "sweet pet" has become a new trend.

　　Since last year, the types of online drama explosions have begun to turn, and suspense and thriller themes have changed lanes. In 2018 alone, more than ten "sweet pet dramas" have been launched. From "Two-time Spoiled Princess 2" and "Love the First Love of Chitose Adults" to the recently broadcast "Why BOSS wants to marry me", "East Palace" and "Love the Big Dipper Boyfriend", the sweet interaction between the male and female protagonists has become the highlight of the plot. It seems that "kissing and hugging and holding high" is very popular among Internet audiences. For example, "Two-time Spoiled Princess" with a low cost and a brand-new lineup once created a record of 3.6 billion plays, and "Why BOSS wants to marry me" also quickly attracted network traffic, and the attention was once overwhelmed by "Biography", a sequel to "Story of Yanxi Palace" in the same period.

　　This trend is not unique to domestic online dramas. "Life is hard. I eat sugar with my mouth open and stick to ‘ Sweet pet ’ The film and television works of the label are popular in China, Japan and South Korea. In terms of Korean dramas, last summer’s "Why is Secretary Jin like that" and the recent hit "Touching the Heart" have made many viewers feel full of sweetness. " Drama critic Dai Taojiang pointed out that "Touching the Heart" is still at the top of the list of recent Korean dramas, although the plot itself lacks new ideas and just "sends candy" on the protagonist’s love bridge. At present, the number of official Weibo readers of "East Palace" has exceeded 2.1 billion, ranking second in the super-topic community, and only last year’s "explosive drama" Zhen Soul of Youku can rank ahead of it.

　　Even though Li Chengyin and nine princess Xiaofeng, the protagonists in the East Palace, are in love with each other, the story of sweet pet comes to an abrupt end because of the reversal of the fate and personality of the characters in the later period. Many viewers can’t accept it, calling for the story to continue to "distribute sugar" in the barrage, and even giving the play a nickname "Hua Mei Drama" (referring to the tragedy that the hero and heroine are crazy about "spreading sugar" and the audience can’t stop).

　　Subdivide the audience and aim at "light" women

　　"Sweet pet drama is a branch of traditional romantic comedy, and its success in the market benefits from the high certainty of this type." Dai Taojiang said that compared with the traditional romantic comedy, the protagonist’s emotional evolution may go through various hardships, while the sweet pet drama is "sweet" from beginning to end. "The heroine is the first and only emotional hero, and the heroine is the absolute winner in the emotional relationship. All that is needed in the process is the romantic experience brought by the hero." In her view, this highly deterministic structure and setting satisfies the mentality of some viewers to watch easily, and the audience can get great psychological satisfaction without putting too much emotion into it.

　　For the market, this type of drama that directly hits the audience’s preferences is precisely the audience segmentation and precise positioning pursued by the current online drama. Naran, a drama critic, was shocked to notice that the audience around him who loves to watch sweet pet dramas are mainly female audiences after 1980s and 1990s. For most young women, romantic love dramas are a spiritual supplement to reality. "If the emotional needs in real life are not met, at least you can get a good mood by watching sweet pet dramas."

　　According to Tencent’s 2018 Index Report, Tencent’s video drama-chasing users account for 54% and 18% after 90 and 00, respectively. The proportion of program users under the age of 24 has increased from 51% in 2017 to 55%. The post-95 and 00 generations with diverse tastes have gradually become the main audiences in all dimensions, and the user groups tend to be younger. According to the data published by various video websites, the user base of video websites is still dominated by women. Ying Dai, vice president of Aiqiyi and general manager of the self-made drama development center, also said that taking Falling in Love with the Big Dipper Boyfriend as an example, Aiqiyi focused on "light-cooked" women in her era to launch light-cooked sweet comedies, which was an extension to more vertical subdivisions under the broad theme of youth. It is not difficult to get the favor of producers and platforms for sweet pet dramas aimed at young female audiences.

　　"Sending sugar" is illogical, so be alert to aesthetic fatigue.

　　From Yunxi Hug in Yunxi Zhuan, Wei Long CP in Story of Yanxi Palace, to gratitude in Sweet Honey as Heavy as Frost, there are more and more sources of sweet pet dramas, but the means are slightly single, which also brings "too sweet" and "too tired of sweet".

　　“‘ Sweet pet ’ It mainly relies on daily interaction and intimacy to create an atmosphere, which has extremely high requirements for the face value and romantic bridge setting of male characters in the play, and also puts forward certain requirements for the audience of actors. " Dai Taojiang has no doubt that many producers have seen the market prospects of sweet pet dramas, but failed to see the structural and plot defects that such dramas often bring to satisfy the "sweet pet". "Most of the sweet pet dramas have logical flaws in the relationship construction, the characters do not have basic action logic, and many plot settings seem blunt and abrupt. In addition, the means of sweetness and pampering in intimate relationships are nothing more than infinite tolerance and intimate contact. Over time, it is easy for the audience to breed aesthetic fatigue and produce boredom. "

　　After the Korean drama "Touching the Heart" was broadcast in the middle period, it still repeated "sprinkling sugar", which has already made many viewers choose to abandon the drama. After the popularity of domestic sweet pet dramas, there have been many similar themes on the market in the past year, but there are not many works that can reach the same flow as "Sweet honey is as heavy as frost" or "Two-time pet princess". It is worth noting that many works are "sweet for the sake of sweetness" or fabricate high-sugar plots that violate the logic of life for the sake of "sweet pets", which have actually aroused the audience’s disgust. Su Zhan, an industry critic, said that in the past, the audience hated the story of sadism just because they hated the suspension of the giant fighting drama. Nowadays, the threshold of sweet pet drama is lower, and creators can take advantage of the wind to extend the "sweet abuse" indefinitely, but don’t push them to suspension and entertain themselves. Whether it is an emotional drama focusing on sweet pets or sadomasochism, only under the correct guidance of reality can it go on for a long time in the market.

Expert consultant:

Yuan Yuan, Chief Duty Officer of National Climate Center in Flood Season.

Chen Yu, Chief of Climate Service Office of National Climate Center

Li Ying, Senior Engineer of Meteorological Disaster Risk Management Office of National Climate Center

After entering the light summer solar term on July 7, it ushered in the first stage on July 16, and we are about to face the test of "steaming up and cooking down" in the dog days. Since mid-June, many places in China have started the high-temperature "roasting mode" ahead of schedule, and many cities have experienced high-temperature weather above 40 C. Meteorological data tell you how fierce this wave of high temperature is.

How hot is it this summer?

-There are 71 national weather stations that have broken through historical extremes.

Since June 13th, China has experienced the first regional high-temperature weather process this year, and many places have continued to experience high temperature and summer heat. The Central Meteorological Observatory has issued high-temperature warnings for several consecutive days.

As of July 12, the high temperature event has lasted for 30 days, covering China’s land area of 5.021 million square kilometers and affecting more than 900 million people. The average number of high temperature days in China reached 5.3 days, 2.4 days more than normal, the highest in the same period since 1961. Among them, the number of high temperature days in most parts of East China, Central China, Northeast Southwest China, southwestern Shaanxi, southwestern Shanxi and southern Xinjiang is 5 to 10 days more than normal. The number of high temperature days in northwestern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, most of Henan, northwestern Hubei, southeastern Shaanxi and northeastern Chongqing is more than 10 days than normal.

Since June, the daily maximum temperature of 238 national meteorological stations in Hebei, Henan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Xinjiang and other places has exceeded the monthly extreme value, and the daily maximum temperature of 71 national meteorological stations has exceeded the historical extreme value. Among the top ten stations with high temperature values, the daily maximum temperature in Lingshou, Hebei (44.2℃, June 25th), Gaocheng (44.1℃, June 25th), Zhengding (44.0℃, June 25th) and Yanjin, Yunnan (44.0℃, July 11th) exceeded 44℃. The daily maximum temperature in Lanzhou, Gansu (37.6℃, June 24th), Yinchuan, Ningxia (37.2℃, June 16th), Tianjin (40.1℃, June 25th) and other provincial capitals or municipalities directly under the central government exceeded the monthly maximum. Shanghai Xujiahui Station not only had the earliest high temperature of 40℃ on July 10th, but also reached 40.9℃ at 14: 30 on July 13th, tying the highest temperature record since the local meteorological record (1873).

June 25th is the day with the largest number of high temperature extreme stations since June, in which the daily maximum temperature of 28 stations exceeded the historical extreme value, and the top ten stations with daily maximum temperature all appeared in Hebei.

According to the monitoring index of regional high temperature process, considering the influence scope, intensity and duration of high temperature events, the comprehensive intensity of this event is the sixth strongest since 1961, second only to 2013, 2017, 2003, 1966 and 2019. Since 2000, the typical years of large-scale sustained high temperature events in China are 2003, 2013 and 2017. Generally speaking, this year’s high temperature event started earlier than the above three years, and the duration and the number of historical extreme high temperature stations are not as good as these three years. Although the influence scope and the maximum temperature of a single station are not as good as 2017, they have exceeded 2003 and 2013.

Comparison between high temperature events in 2022 and typical historical events Source: National Climate Center.

Early warning data can also show the "off the charts" degree of high temperature. Since June (as of July 13th), except Heilongjiang and Liaoning, 29 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) have issued 15,008 high-temperature warnings, including 1,869 red warnings, 8,931 orange warnings, 4,122 yellow warnings and 86 blue warnings. Among them, the number of high temperature warnings issued on July 10 was the highest, with 857. Henan, Hunan, Shaanxi, Hebei and Sichuan are the provinces that issue the most high-temperature warnings. The top ten provinces that have issued high temperature warnings for the longest time in a row are Henan (31 days), Xinjiang (20 days), Anhui (19 days), Shaanxi (17 days), Sichuan (17 days), Shanxi (13 days), Gansu (13 days), Hebei (12 days), Jiangsu (12 days) and Yunnan (12 days)

From June 1st to July 13th, the top five provinces of high temperature warning release data source: National Early Warning Information Release Center.

　The northern hemisphere suffered a "heat wave"

-Extreme high temperatures are hitting many parts of the world.

Extreme high temperature weather is continuing around the world, and high temperature heat wave events spread in Europe, East Asia and North America, and the highest temperature at the same time exceeded the historical extreme.

In mid-June, Europe generally suffered from high temperature and heat waves. On June 10th, hot weather began to appear in Portugal. On the 13th, the temperature in central and southern Spain has exceeded 40℃; On the 18th, the highest peak of this round of high temperature weather occurred in France. As many as 70 provinces issued high temperature warnings, and high temperature records in many places were broken. On the 19th, a record high temperature occurred in Germany, and a forest fire broke out in Brandenburg, forcing about 620 residents to evacuate.

In mid-June, record high temperatures spread from the Great Plains of the United States to the Mississippi Valley and the southeast. More than 125 million people in most States in the central and eastern United States are under high temperature warning, which is more than one third of the population of the United States.

On the afternoon of June 25th, the temperature in Isezaki, Gunma Prefecture, Japan reached 40.2℃, the highest temperature in June since Japan had meteorological records.

Global average temperature anomaly in June 2022 Image source: Global Severe Weather Monitoring Monthly Report.

Why is the high temperature so fierce and strong?

-Global warming and abnormal atmospheric circulation are the main causes.

The sixth assessment report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) points out that global warming is happening at an unprecedented speed since 2000 in the last 50 years, and the instability of the climate system is increasing. UN Secretary-General antonio guterres called it a "red alert for all mankind". Global warming is the climate background of frequent high-temperature heat waves in the northern hemisphere, and abnormal atmospheric circulation is the direct cause of frequent high-temperature heat waves in many places around the world since June this year.

Since June this year, over the northern hemisphere subtropical zone, the western Pacific subtropical high zone, the Atlantic high zone and the Iranian high zone have all been enhanced in stages, thus forming a large-scale global warm high zone. Under the control of warm and high-pressure belts, the prevalence of downward flow is conducive to the ground warming. In addition, under the action of a wide range of high-pressure belts, the air is relatively dry and it is not easy to form clouds, which also makes solar radiation reach the ground more easily, leading to frequent high temperatures and strong intensity, which in turn leads to persistent high-temperature heat waves in many places in the northern hemisphere.

Specific to China, the ongoing La Ni? a event has provided an important climatic background for the occurrence and development of high temperature in the south since June this year, especially in July, when the development of the mid-latitude warm and high pressure belt strengthened, resulting in a large-scale high temperature weather. According to statistical analysis, in the summer following most La Nina events, the western Pacific subtropical high (referred to as subtropical high) tends to be northward. Since late June this year, the subtropical high has moved northward, especially after Typhoon Siam moved northward in early July. The subtropical high has been extended westward, and the Iranian high has been extended eastward. Combined with the mid-latitude continental high, a stable warm and high pressure zone has been formed over China, which has caused a wide range of high temperature weather. In addition, due to the water vapor carried by the subtropical high, the humidity in the central and eastern regions of China is relatively high, which makes the human body temperature higher.

Compared with previous years, since July this year, the Iranian high has been extended eastward to form a huge warm high pressure belt with the western Pacific subtropical high and the mid-latitude continental high, which is rare in history. Historically, high-temperature heat waves occurred in Jiangnan, South China, Sichuan and Chongqing due to the extension of subtropical high to the west, or high temperatures continued in northwest China and Xinjiang due to the stable maintenance of continental high. Therefore, this year, the high temperature range is relatively large, the duration is long, and the extremes are also prominent.

From June 1 to July 12, the number of high temperature days in many places in China exceeded 30 days. Source: National Climate Center.

The high temperature will continue

—— Do not treat health protection in production and life lightly.

According to the forecast of the Central Meteorological Observatory, as of July 26, there will be many hot weather in southern China and other places. From July 13th to 16th, it was hot and rainy in Sichuan Basin, Shaanxi Guanzhong, Jianghan, Jianghuai, Jiangnan and South China. From 17th to 20th, there will be rain in Sichuan Basin, Jianghan, Jianghuai, the western and northern parts of the south of the Yangtze River, and the northwestern part of South China, and the high temperature weather will be alleviated, while the southeastern part of the south of the Yangtze River and the eastern part of South China will continue to be hot and muggy. After the 21st, the high temperature in the south will develop again, and the scope will be expanded.

The National Climate Center predicts that from July 27 to August 11, the temperature in most parts of China will be higher than normal, and the temperature in western Inner Mongolia, Shanghai, Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang will be 1℃~2℃ higher, which may lead to a long-lasting high temperature weather process.

High temperature weather will have a great impact on power supply, people’s production, life and health. The public should try to avoid outdoor activities at high temperature, and shorten working hours when working at high temperature. We should pay special attention to heatstroke, prevent, identify and treat it early, especially for the old, weak, sick and young people. Attention should also be paid to the safety of electricity consumption in hot weather, and the power sector should respond to the deployment in advance to prevent the supply shortage and fire hazards caused by the surge in electricity consumption and excessive power load.

(Author: Luan Fei Yan Hong Wang Meili Cartography: Zhao Miao Source: National Climate Center National Early Warning Information Release Center Editor: Minglu Zhang)

Recently, The 12th International Conference on Learning Presentations (ICLR 2024), one of the top conferences in the field of international machine learning, announced the paper recruitment list. Professor Lu Baoliang from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering of School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, together with Shanghai Zero Unique Technology Co., Ltd., has been selected as the ICLR 2024 Spotlight paper "Large Brain Model for Learning Generic Representations with Tremendorus EEG Data in BCI". There are 7,262 papers submitted worldwide, with an overall acceptance rate of about 31%, of which 5% were selected as Spotlight papers.

Research background

At present, deep learning models based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are usually designed for specific data sets or brain-computer interface (BCI) application tasks, which limits the scale of the model and fails to give full play to the representation ability of EEG signals. Recently, Large Language Model (LLM) has made epoch-making progress in text processing. Under this background, Professor Lu Baoliang’s team started to study large-scale EEG model (LEM). Although they are in different fields, they have something in common in the task of data decoding. Researchers use the successful concept of text processing for reference to explore new methods for analyzing EEG signals and building brain-computer interface models, and expand the scientific research vision and application prospects in this field.

However, compared with text data, EEG data sets are usually very small in scale and different in format. The development of large-scale EEG models faces the following challenges:

1) Lack of sufficient EEG data

Compared with natural language and image data, it is extremely difficult to collect large-scale EEG data. In addition, the annotation of EEG data usually requires a lot of energy from domain experts, resulting in only a small number of labeled data sets can be used for specific tasks in BCI, and the EEG signals of these tasks are usually collected from a few subjects, and the duration is usually less than tens of hours. Therefore, there is not a large enough EEG data set to support the training of LEM.

2) Diversified configuration of 2)EEG signal acquisition.

Although there is an international 10-20 system to ensure the standardization of EEG signal acquisition, users can still choose to use EEG caps with different electrode numbers or patch electrodes to collect EEG data according to actual application needs. Therefore, how to process EEG data in different formats to match the input unit of neural Transformer is still a problem to be explored.

3) Lack of effective learning paradigm of EEG representation.

The low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of EEG data and different types of noise are very difficult problems. In addition, balancing temporal and spatial features is very important for effective EEG representation learning. Although there are various EEG representation learning paradigms based on deep learning (such as CNN, RNN and GNN) that can be used to process the original EEG data, many researchers still tend to design artificial EEG features because of the above problems.

research results

The goal of this paper is to design a general large-scale EEG model called LaBraM. The model can effectively process various EEG data with different channels and lengths. Through unsupervised training of a large number of EEG data, the research team envisages that the model will have universal EEG representation ability, so that it can quickly adapt to various downstream tasks of EEG. In order to train LaBraM, researchers collected more than 2,500 hours of EEG data of various tasks and formats from 20 public EEG data sets.

Firstly, the original EEG signal is divided into EEG signal channel segments to solve the problem of different electrodes and time lengths. Neural markers with rich semantics are trained by vector quantization neural spectrum prediction to generate neural vocabulary. Specifically, the marker is trained by predicting the Fourier spectrum of the original signal. During the pre-training, some EEG segments will be masked, and the goal of neural Transformer is to predict the masked marks from the visible segments. The research team pre-trained three models with different parameter sizes, 5.8 million, 46 million and 369 million, which is by far the largest model in BCI field. Subsequently, the research team fine-tuned them on four different types of downstream tasks, including classification and regression.

Fig. 1 overall architecture of lab ram. First, all the input EEG signals will be divided into EEG signal segments through a fixed-length time window, and then the time characteristics will be extracted by applying a time encoder to each segment. Then, temporal and spatial embedding is added to segment features to carry temporal and spatial information. Finally, the embedded sequence is transmitted to the Transformer encoder in fragment order to obtain the final output.

In this paper, neural Transformer is introduced, which is a general architecture for decoding EEG signals, and can process any input EEG signals with any number of channels and length of time, as shown in Figure 1. The key operation to achieve this goal is to divide EEG signals into blocks, which is inspired by fragment embedding in images. Because of the high resolution of EEG in time domain, it is very important to extract time features before segment interaction through self-attention. A time domain encoder composed of multiple time domain convolution blocks is used to encode each EEG segment into segments for embedding. Temporal convolution block consists of one-dimensional convolution layer, group normalization layer and GELU activation function. In order to make the model aware of the temporal and spatial information of fragment embedding, the researchers initialized a temporal embedding list and a spatial embedding list. For any fragment, the corresponding temporal embedding and spatial embedding are added to the fragment embedding. Finally, the embedded sequence will be directly input into the Transformer encoder.

This paper verifies the effectiveness of LaBraM on two downstream task datasets: TUAB and TUEV. We designed three different configurations of LaBraM: LaBraM-Base, LaBraM-Large and LaBraM-Huge. The parameters of LaBraM-Base are 5.8M, LaBraM-Large is 46M and LaBraM-Huge is 369M.

Tables 1 and 2 above list the best baseline results of TUAB and TUEV and the results of LaBraM. Obviously, LaBraM-Base model is superior to all baseline models in various evaluation indexes of these two tasks. Especially in the more challenging TUEV multi-class classification task, the model has achieved significant performance improvement. It is observed that with the increase of model parameters, LaBraM-Huge model performs best, followed by LaBraM-Large model, and finally LaBraM-Base model. The research team believes that this good performance is attributed to the increase of pre-training data and model parameters. The paper concludes that as long as there is enough EEG data, large-scale EEG models can learn more general EEG representations, thus improving the performance of EEG signals in various downstream tasks.

Figure 2 compares the performance of the model on TUAB and TUEV data sets, and whether it is included in the pre-training process.

In the pre-training process, the research team hopes that the model can learn the general EEG representation that is not specific to any specific task. Although tag data is not used in the pre-training, in order to eliminate the influence of pre-training data on downstream tasks, this paper compares whether the downstream task data set is included in the pre-training results. It is worth noting that the records of TUAB and TUEV do not intersect with the records of pre-training data sets. As shown in Figure 2, whether the downstream task data set is included in the pre-training process of the model has little influence on the performance of the model on downstream tasks. This shows that the model has the ability to learn general EEG representation, and provides guidance for collecting more EEG data in the future, that is, researchers do not need to spend a lot of energy labeling EEG data in the pre-training process.

Author information

Jiang Weibang, a Ph.D. student in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, is the first author of this paper, and Dr. Zhao Liming from Shanghai Zero Unique Technology Co., Ltd. and Professor Lu Baoliang from the Department of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiaotong University are co-authors of this paper.

Lv Baoliang, Professor of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Professor Guangci of Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, doctoral supervisor, IEEE Fellow. He is currently the director of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Interaction and Cognitive Engineering of Shanghai Jiaotong University, the executive dean of Qingyuan Research Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University, the co-director of Brain-Computer Interface and Neural Regulation Center of Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, the director of the joint laboratory of encephalopathy center-Mihayou of Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, and the founder and chief scientist of Shanghai Zero Unique Technology Co., Ltd. He is the editorial board member of IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, Journal of Neural Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems, Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence and Journal of intelligence science and technology.Won the 2022 Asia-Pacific Neural Network Society Outstanding Achievement Award, ACMM 2022 Top Paper Award, and 2021 IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing Best Paper Award. The first prize of Wu Wenjun Artificial Intelligence Natural Science in 2020 and the Best Paper Award of IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development in 2018 were selected into Elsevier’s list of highly cited scholars in China in 2020, 2021 and 2022. The main research fields include the theory and model of bionic computing, deep learning, emotional intelligence, emotional brain-computer interface and its application in the diagnosis and treatment of emotional disorders.

Paper link：https://openreview.net/forum? id=QzTpTRVtrP

Acupuncture has become a business card for China culture to go global.

With the gradual spread to the west, the popularity of acupuncture therapy in some developed countries even surpassed that of China. It is worth noting that in recent years, with the rise of "western medical acupuncture", the development of acupuncture in the world is experiencing "de-China".

Chinese acupuncture, where to go?

one

Acupuncture, hot!

In the early 1970s, there was an "acupuncture fever" in America.

In the summer of 1971, James Reston, then vice president of The New York Times, visited China at the invitation of the China government. During this period, due to sudden acute appendicitis, Reston was admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital and underwent appendectomy. On the second day after operation, Reston developed abdominal pain, and Dr. China treated him with acupuncture.

According to Reston’s memory, at that time, a young China acupuncturist put three needles under his right elbow and knees, and burned his abdomen with a kind of "cheap cigar-like" moxa roll, which obviously reduced abdominal distension.

On July 26th, The New York Times published Reston’s article "Now, About My Operation in Peking" on the front page, which described this experience and the magical effect of acupuncture.

Source: new york Times Archives.

Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion is based on the holistic view of "harmony between man and nature", guided by the theory of meridians and acupoints, and uses needles and mugwort leaves as the main tools and materials to adjust the balance of human body by puncturing or fumigating specific parts of the body, thus achieving the purpose of health care and treatment.

At this time, acupuncture in China has just ushered in a leap-Chinese medical workers and scientific workers have successfully created acupuncture anesthesia. This is a model of the combination of Chinese and Western medicine, which has aroused great concern of western society about acupuncture and moxibustion in China. During their visit to China, Reston and his wife also visited China’s acupuncture anesthesia.

On the front page of People’s Daily, the article "Brilliant example of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine-hail the successful creation of acupuncture anesthesia in China" was published. Source: official website, state administration of traditional chinese medicine

In the spring of 1972, US President Nixon’s delegation to China arrived in Beijing, specifically to observe acupuncture anesthesia. As a result, more than 30 members of the delegation and journalists watched the whole process of lung resection under acupuncture anesthesia in the Third Hospital of Beijing Medical University, and it was reported that there was an "acupuncture fever" in the United States.

In April, at Wes Hospital in Chicago, American doctors performed tonsillectomy under acupuncture anesthesia for the first time.

Since then, with the surge of public demand, the American acupuncture industry came into being, and acupuncture clinics began to appear everywhere. By 1997, 10,000 people in the United States had obtained acupuncture licenses, and about 3,000 doctors carried out acupuncture therapy.

Before and after the Gulf War, DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) paid great attention to acupuncture research applied in rehabilitation medicine and brain imaging, and strongly funded acupuncture research on treating Gulf War-related diseases and chronic headaches.

2

Chinese original

The origin of acupuncture can be traced back to the beginning of Chinese civilization.

Acupuncture, including acupuncture (pricking) and moxibustion (moxibustion), both originated in the Paleolithic Age, and is the oldest external therapy applied in primitive society in China.

Acupuncture was originally the "bian method", and the ancients often used bian stone to stab carbuncle and pus, and bian thorn to bleed. Since the Shang Dynasty, with the development of metallurgical technology, the metal "nine needles" have replaced Bian Shi as external treatment tools, and some of them are used for surgical diseases. According to Sun Simiao, a medical sage, the Yellow Emperor created nine needles in "Prepare for a Urgent Need". Moxibustion with wormwood appeared at the latest in the pre-Qin period, mainly using moxa cone burning moxibustion.

The period from Warring States to Qin and Han Dynasties is an important stage in the formation of acupuncture and moxibustion in traditional Chinese medicine. Bian Que, Fu Weng, Hua Tuo and other famous doctors are all good at acupuncture and moxibustion, and the earliest classic of traditional Chinese medicine, Huangdi Neijing, came out at this time, and acupuncture was discussed in great length.

In Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, acupuncture entered a period of rapid development. The publication of The Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion A and B established the position of acupuncture as an independent science. At the same time, the school-style education established by the government gradually emerged, and the Tang Tai Medical Department set acupuncture as an independent subject, which created a precedent for acupuncture school education.

In Song Dynasty, acupuncture prevailed. In the process of turning and copying acupuncture medical books, there are some problems such as missing the names of human meridians and acupoints. Therefore, the court appointed Wang Weiyi, who was working in yiguang at that time, to re-collate and collate acupuncture medical books. After three years of collating and textual research, The Illustration of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at Tongren Point was published, which established the national standard of acupoints at that time and had far-reaching influence.

At the same time, in order to enable learners and clinicians to accurately grasp the acupoints’ positioning as stipulated in the Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion on Tongren, the Song government also ordered Wang Weiyi to preside over the casting of a bronze model of acupuncture and moxibustion, which provided a more intuitive, vivid and accurate physical basis for the acupoints’ position of human body.

Zhou Mi, a famous litterateur in the Southern Song Dynasty, recorded the ingenuity and precision of acupuncture bronze men at that time in his classic "Wild Tales in Qidong". According to the book, the acupuncture bronze man has internal organs, and the acupoints on the bronze man are perforated. Water (in some versions, it is "mercury") is injected into them in advance, and then the acupoints are sealed with yellow wax, and then the medical workers can find a certain acupoint and acupuncture it. At that time, the bronze man was also stabbed through the clothes. If the needle was found accurately, water (or mercury) would naturally flow out after the needle was inserted.

In the Ming Dynasty, acupuncture and moxibustion were innovated and developed. There are some comprehensive acupuncture works, among which Yang Jizhou’s Acupuncture Dacheng has the greatest influence. Since its publication in Wanli, this book has been reprinted many times and spread widely. It has not only attracted the attention of academic circles in China, but also been translated into Japanese, French, German and other languages. In the Ming Dynasty, the government also set up an acupuncture department in Tai Hospital.

By the early and middle period of Qing Dynasty, acupuncture showed a trend of "returning from the doctor’s post to the doctor’s post", and it developed in a simple and safe direction. After long-term historical test and accumulation, both theoretical exposition and clinical diagnosis and treatment methods have matured.

Development and achievement of ancient acupuncture in China

Compiled by the editor from Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Traditional Chinese Medicine Press, 1st edition, January 2020.

three

winding path amidst high peaks

In ancient times, acupuncture of traditional Chinese medicine has been widely spread in Asia. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, with the increasing number of western missionaries coming to China, acupuncture therapy was brought to Europe and other places at that time, thus becoming the earliest beginning of the spread of acupuncture to the west.

However, by the end of the Qing Dynasty, the fate of acupuncture took a turn for the worse.

In 1822, Emperor Daoguang ordered: "Acupuncture has a long history, but it is not suitable for the monarch to use acupuncture and moxibustion, and the acupuncture department of Taichi Hospital means to stop forever." As a result, the practice of setting up acupuncture department in Tai Hospital changed. Since then, acupuncture has been excluded from the official medical system.

On the other hand, the fate of traditional medicine is closely related to the soil that breeds it. After the Opium War broke out in 1840, China never recovered. The spread of western medicine to the east broke the relatively closed and independent development pattern of traditional Chinese medicine, and gradually occupied the mainstream position of China medicine. Even, there has been a "total self-denial" caused by excessive "learning from foreigners"-in the century of national humiliation, we gradually lost our confidence in the quintessence of the country.

In the Republic of China, some people even put forward a motion to abolish Chinese medicine, which made the survival of Chinese medicine acupuncture face challenges. Of course, those who have a long-term plan still hold their ground. A group of people of insight, represented by Cheng Dan ‘an, have achieved certain results in the preservation and development of acupuncture through the establishment of acupuncture societies, the issuance of acupuncture publications and the development of correspondence education. In the process of active innovation, acupuncture of traditional Chinese medicine is pregnant with new life.

After 1949, acupuncture ushered in a good opportunity, and the government strongly supported the development of Chinese medicine. In 1951, the Experimental Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Therapy of the Ministry of Health (the predecessor of the Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine) was established to carry out clinical and scientific research on acupuncture, with Zhu Lian as the first director. Since then, local research institutions have been established one after another, and the scientific research of acupuncture has developed rapidly. In the same year, Zhu Lian’s New Acupuncture was published and translated into many languages.

Since the 1970s, remarkable achievements have been made in the research on the mechanism of acupuncture, especially in acupuncture analgesia, acupuncture anesthesia, and the adjustment of acupuncture on visceral function, which is one of the few disciplines in which China is currently in the leading position in the world.

In April, 1975, entrusted by the World Health Organization and approved by the State Council, the China government started international acupuncture classes in Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing successively, and trained acupuncture talents for all countries in the world.

On November 22nd, 1987, the World Federation of Acupuncture Societies was established in Beijing. It is the first international academic organization headquartered in China in history, marking the international recognition of the advanced level and leading position of acupuncture in China.

four

Western learning China.

The upsurge of acupuncture in the United States has driven more western countries to use acupuncture.

In 1970s, acupuncture got unprecedented development in Germany, and more than 30 acupuncture societies were established successively. Some scientific research institutions also gave support to acupuncture research, and more and more Germans were willing to accept acupuncture treatment.

In 1985, the French Ministry of Health set up a special committee on acupuncture, and some public hospitals often use acupuncture as a treatment, so patients can get medical insurance for it.

Since 1990, Italy has allowed clinics of local health bureaus and public medical systems or private medical institutions that have agreements with local health bureaus to provide acupuncture services. In addition, the military medical system has gradually accepted Chinese medicine, for example, the Roman military hospital officially opened the acupuncture department on December 19, 2005.

Following the establishment of "London College of Traditional Chinese Medicine" with Beijing University of Chinese Medicine in 1993, there are four universities in Britain offering undergraduate courses in acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine. In 2001, he began to advocate the legislation of acupuncture and moxibustion in traditional Chinese medicine, and in 2004, he established the Chinese medicine management Committee; In 2008, the legislative group of the British Ministry of Health submitted the legislative proposal of "acupuncture, herbs and Chinese medicine" to the government. There are nearly 20 kinds of diseases treated by acupuncture, and the expenses of acupuncture treatment can be reimbursed.

In addition, acupuncture has been officially recognized by Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Russia and other countries.

At the same time, the standardization of acupuncture and moxibustion has been paid more and more attention at home and abroad, which has further deepened the world consensus on the value of acupuncture and moxibustion.

Since 1981, the World Health Organization began to organize the work of international naming standards for acupuncture and moxibustion, and published the International Recommended Naming Standards for Acupuncture and Moxibustion in 1984.

In November 1997, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) held a hearing on acupuncture, re-evaluated the value of acupuncture and reached a consensus, and the relevant contents were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).

In 2006, the international standard of Acupoint Positioning of Acupuncture and Moxibustion was formulated, and the World Health Organization (WHO) established an international unified standard for the location of 361 human acupoints used in acupuncture and moxibustion in the western Pacific region.

In 2014, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) officially published the standard of "ISO17218:2014 Disposable Sterile Acupuncture Needle", which is the first international standard issued by ISO in the field of traditional medicine in the world.

five

How powerful is it?

Acupuncture researchers at home and abroad have adopted rigorous clinical epidemiological research methods and carried out large-scale clinical verification. The current research mainly focuses on the following aspects:

* Analgesia

More than 60% of acupuncture patients in the world are pain-related diseases, and the proportion of pain patients in foreign acupuncture clinics is higher.

Acupuncture treatment of pain has obtained high-quality clinical evidence. Foreign scholars analyzed the original data of 39 randomized controlled acupuncture clinical trials in western countries from 2008 to 2015 by using single-case meta-analysis, and included 20,827 patients, which proved that the curative effect of acupuncture on head, neck, shoulder and low back pain was obviously better than that of sham acupuncture (comfort acupuncture) and no acupuncture, and the analgesic effect only decreased by 15% after one year of follow-up.

Chinese scholars have proved that acupuncture as an adjuvant therapy can definitely improve the frequency and degree of angina pectoris attacks in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris, and can alleviate the anxiety and depression symptoms of patients.

Acupuncture can also activate the human endogenous analgesic system by stimulating the body surface, so as to play an analgesic role and avoid drug resistance and addiction. In October 2018, US President Trump signed a bill called H.R.6, which aims to find alternative drugs and treatments for pain and curb the proliferation of opioid analgesic drugs in the United States. The bill will include acupuncture and medical massage. All of them are included in alternative therapies to be evaluated.

* Regulating visceral function

Acupuncture can regulate and treat visceral function, which includes specific regulation of acupoints at the same segment and non-specific and extensive regulation of acupoints at different segments. These functions are based on the participation of segmental, intersegmental and systemic (supraspinal) centers of spinal cord.

China scholars’ research in recent years shows that electroacupuncture can significantly relieve female stress urinary incontinence, and can also promote intestinal movement to treat refractory constipation. These findings were published in well-known journals with high impact factors, such as Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and Annual Internal Medicine.

Acupuncture points can adjust the function of the corresponding target organs and realize the relevant transformation. For example, acupuncture at Neiguan can significantly relieve nausea and vomiting, and it has been transformed into a wearable wristband product.

Electroacupuncture can significantly improve functional dyspepsia. Experimental studies have proved that acupuncture at Zusanli can activate vagus nerve and significantly promote gastric and intestinal movements; Acupuncture at Zhongwan point inhibits gastric movement by activating sympathetic nerves at the same segment; Acupuncture at Tianshu point has a bidirectional regulating effect on intestinal movement.

* Regulation of endocrine

Acupuncture can significantly reduce the androgen level of non-obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Acupuncture combined with lifestyle intervention can improve the menstrual cycle and ovulation rate of obese PCOS patients, reduce the level of sex hormones, significantly improve the recruitment of oocytes and improve the quality of embryos.

However, some reports show that acupuncture has the same effect as fake acupuncture in improving the live birth rate of PCOS patients, which has aroused widespread concern and contention in the industry. For example, the evidence quality of acupuncture for pregnancy assistance is not high. There is no difference between acupuncture for pregnancy assistance before follicular secretion and after embryo transfer. The effect of acupuncture on relieving hot flashes of female climacteric syndrome is also unclear.

The regulating effect of acupuncture on hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, in addition, acupuncture activates the skin’s inherent "skin-brain axis" (HPA axis similar to the center) to exert local and systemic neuroendocrine regulation is also a hot spot in recent years.

* Regulating inflammation-immunity

The immunomodulatory effect caused by acupuncture is mainly manifested in the effect of acupuncture on immune cells, immune molecules and neuroimmunity. Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a neuroimmune pathway based on efferent vagus nerve to inhibit inflammatory response.

The research published in Nature Medicine observed the anti-inflammatory effect of electroacupuncture on mice with endotoxemia model and multi-bacterial peritonitis model, and proved that electroacupuncture at Zusanli could reduce TNF, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, IL-6 and INF in serum of mice with endotoxemia model. Cutting sciatic nerve or vagus nerve and initial adrenal gland can block the anti-inflammatory effect of electroacupuncture. Dopamine and its receptor D1 play a role in electroacupuncture regulating inflammation.

In 2020, Chinese and American scholars jointly published the research results in Neuron, revealing that acupuncture at body surface points can induce a variety of somatic sensory-autonomic nerve-target organ reflex pathways and play a regulatory role in immunity-inflammation.

Screenshot of the page layout of Neuron magazine.

six

What are the differences between East and West?

From the above analysis, it can be seen that acupuncture is widely used in clinical treatment of diseases, and the research on acupuncture has gradually developed from traditional clinical treatment to modern experimental analysis and verification, and penetrated into modern frontier science fields. However, the purpose of clinical research in East and West is completely different.

In 1990s, in order to verify the clinical efficacy of acupuncture and provide support for health decision-making and whether acupuncture and moxibustion should be included in insurance, German federal doctors and health insurance company committees organized large-scale randomized controlled trials, RCT).

[Note: Randomized controlled trial (RCT) adopts random grouping, control and blind methods, maintains the original random grouping analysis and other measures to prevent bias, and minimizes possible bias. Therefore, RCT is considered as the gold standard for evaluating medical interventions. 】

In this experiment, "GERAC" and "ART" were set up to verify the clinical effectiveness of acupuncture in treating low back pain, knee osteoarthritis, migraine prevention and tension-type headache.

These two studies are considered to be the largest high-quality clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture and moxibustion in treating pain according to modern standards, and the results were published in the famous mainstream medical journals The Lancet, JAMA, BMJ, Arch Intern Med, Ann Intern Med and BMJ. However, among the results of acupuncture randomized trials, only two proved that true acupuncture was better than false acupuncture, and six proved that false acupuncture was effective.

In China, the purpose of clinical research is often to verify or popularize that a new acupuncture treatment scheme is superior to the conventional acupuncture treatment scheme (textbook scheme), and the results are mostly positive. However, the quality of methodology is not high, especially the control of comfort acupuncture is difficult to implement. In particular, the published bias has led the international community to question the efficacy of acupuncture.

Why is there a big gap between domestic and foreign report results?

The reason is that the demand and starting point of acupuncture are different, which directly affects the research purpose and interpretation method of acupuncture RCT at home and abroad. International attention is paid to whether acupuncture is effective for a certain disease, focusing on verifying the specific efficacy caused by acupuncture. At home, RCT mainly focuses on verifying the effectiveness or superiority of acupuncture, which belongs to the comparative study of overall efficacy.

It should be noted that there are many differences between the East and the West in the study of acupuncture.

First, the theoretical basis is very different: Chinese acupuncture is guided by the basic theory of Chinese medicine and based on the theory of meridians and acupoints. However, western acupuncture does not talk about acupoints and meridians. It absorbs the research results of life science and thinks that the five major mechanisms of acupuncture are: local effect of acupuncture; The effect of acupuncture on the same spinal cord segment; The effect of acupuncture across spinal cord segments; The function of trigger point; Regulation of central nervous system.

Second, the stimulation sites are different: acupuncture in China takes acupoints as stimulation sites, and doctors need to find suitable stimulation points in acupoints by "cutting, pressing and circulating" in clinic. Western acupuncture emphasizes the stimulation point or trigger point in clinical application. The trigger point refers to the local highly sensitive tenderness point contained in the palpable tight muscle band in skeletal muscle. There is overlap between acupoints and trigger points. Although the percentage of overlap is still controversial, the overlap rate reaches 95% in the treatment of pain.

Third, the ways of stimulation are different: there are various ways of acupuncture stimulation in traditional Chinese medicine, such as filiform needle, fire needle, bloodletting, moxibustion and so on. Clinically, it pays attention to techniques and getting qi, emphasizing "qi is effective". Western acupuncture often adopts transcutaneous electrical stimulation or shallow acupuncture with weak stimulation, and the time and frequency of stimulation are also different.

Fourth, the types of diseases are different: western acupuncture and moxibustion mainly treats pain, mainly treating myofascial pain. In addition to pain, acupuncture and moxibustion in traditional Chinese medicine pays more attention to the regulation of visceral function and qi and blood of the whole body, rather than simple analgesia.

Through these comparisons, we are also more clear about the current problems faced by acupuncture in traditional Chinese medicine. Under the modern semantic framework, how to construct a modern acupuncture theory system with reasonable structure, clear hierarchy, clear concept and standardized expression, which can guide clinical practice, has become an important task at present, and can keep the foundation of the discipline.

seven

Is the surname of acupuncture in traditional Chinese medicine "Xi"?

In the process of acupuncture spreading to the world, modern acupuncture under the collision of East and West is facing the severe challenge of "internal troubles and foreign invasion".

In China, various acupuncture schools, techniques and special acupuncture methods are constantly emerging, and the traditional acupuncture theory of "internal anxiety" gradually loses its guiding role; In foreign countries, the embryonic form of "western medical acupuncture" has gradually taken shape, and the "medical acupuncture" whose "foreign invasion" is based on modern anatomy and physiology is gradually alienated or de-China, and the traditional acupuncture theory tends to be neglected.

Western acupuncture, which was born out of Chinese acupuncture, began to challenge the tradition in turn, leading to the query of Chinese acupuncture theories such as meridians and acupoints. This requires us to re-examine the functions and definitions of meridians and acupoints.

At the same time, the development of technology and technology is also changing the relationship between traditional medicine and patients. Under the influence of western science, which was born in industrial civilization and information age, the basic research and clinical research of acupuncture can be carried out in time through equipment.

In 2016, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) proposed the "SPARC Plan" to stimulate peripheral nerves to regulate the state of the body, that is, investing 238 million US dollars to develop peripheral nerve stimulation equipment. After the announcement of the plan, the funds of pharmaceutical companies and venture capital companies participating in the "SPARC Plan" exceeded 2 billion US dollars, and famous pharmaceutical companies such as GlaxoSmithKline and Internet giant Google all set up subsidiaries to carry out research and development.

Even, the popularity of acupuncture treatment in some developed countries has surpassed that of China.

According to the data of Arensbach Institute, an authoritative polling agency in Germany, more than 2 million Germans receive acupuncture treatment every year, and about 61% of Germans express their hope to treat diseases by combining traditional Chinese and western medicine. The number of patients receiving acupuncture treatment and the number of registered acupuncturists in the United States increased by 50% and 100% respectively from 2002 to 2012.

However, in the past 10 years, the clinical diagnosis and treatment rate of acupuncture in China has only increased by about 10 percentage points, and the number of acupuncture practitioners has increased by less than 5%.

eight

Regain self-confidence

Under the tide of globalization, acupuncture has become the forerunner of Chinese medicine to the world. Compared with Europe and America, the advantages of acupuncture in China are far from being brought into play. What should we do?

It is very important to develop and protect the intellectual property rights of traditional Chinese medicine.

In June, 2006, the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list in China was published, and the acupuncture projects jointly declared by Chinese Acupuncture Society and Acupuncture Institute of Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine were listed as one of them, which created good conditions for Chinese acupuncture to declare the representative list of human intangible cultural heritage.

In the same year, China also launched the declaration of the world intangible cultural heritage of traditional Chinese medicine-with the overall content of "traditional Chinese medicine", which was named "Cognition and Practice of Life Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine".

However, due to the rich traditional culture and philosophy of China contained in traditional Chinese medicine, its huge system, numerous schools and wide application of clinical techniques to prevent and treat diseases, in June 2009, the Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO decided that the declared "traditional Chinese medicine" is an intangible cultural heritage project with unclear inheritance group, and its definition is unclear, which will lead to weak protection pertinence, so it is suggested to re-declare it after revision.

After discussion, experts in the cultural heritage industry and the Chinese medicine industry decided to choose a specific category that best reflects the traditional Chinese medicine culture-Chinese medicine acupuncture to declare.

Finally, it lasted nearly four years. On November 16th, 2010, at the fifth meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Nairobi, Kenya, "Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Traditional Chinese Medicine" was successfully selected into the "Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" through deliberation.

Chinese medicine acupuncture is listed in the "representative list of human intangible cultural heritage" certificate.

In 2018, UNESCO designated November 15th as "World Acupuncture Day", which indicated that acupuncture in China has become the world acupuncture.

With the accelerating internationalization of acupuncture and moxibustion, under the challenge of "internal troubles and foreign invasion", how can Chinese acupuncture and moxibustion achieve better development?

Since ancient times, acupuncture and other external treatments of traditional Chinese medicine have occupied half of the treatment of traditional Chinese medicine. Inheriting acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine can not be ignored. At the same time, under the background of modern medicine, how to realize the integration of traditional acupuncture and modern research, inherit the essence of traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture and incorporate the new knowledge of modern science? This is also a breakthrough in the development of acupuncture.

The World Health Organization (WHO) pointed out in its report "Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century": "In the 21st century, medicine should not continue to take diseases as the main research field, but should take human health as the main research direction", emphasizing that "health is the basic right of human beings" and paying attention to the individual’s "ability to discover and develop self-health".

Today’s medicine is changing from "disease medicine" to "functional medicine", which means that the barrier of disease prevention and treatment has moved forward. Acupuncture is precisely by stimulating the body surface to achieve the regulation of human functions, mobilize the self-healing ability of the human body, and prevent it from gradually becoming an organic disease, which coincides with the current health concept.

[Note: Diseases begin with dysfunction, and usually turn into organic lesions after 10 to 30 years of pathological process. 】

We believe that when acupuncture, an ancient therapeutic method, embraces modern science, it can provide more possibilities for human health. Reducing drug abuse and side effects through acupuncture of traditional Chinese medicine, a green medical method, will put forward a distinctive Chinese plan for human health.

Wen | Jing Xianghong, Director of the Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Chief Physician of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Hospital, Wang Yingying.

Editor | Wang Yiwen looked at the think tank

In order to reprint the original articles of Wangzhi think tank, please indicate the source of Wangzhi think tank (zhczyj) and the author’s information before the article, otherwise the legal responsibility will be strictly investigated.

Original title: "The treasures of our ancestors are being" de-China "by the West. We should be in a hurry! 》

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I. Concept and characteristics of intellectual property rights

(1) What is intellectual property?

Intellectual property rights refer to the civil rights that people enjoy on their creative intellectual labor achievements, such as patent right, trademark right, copyright (also known as copyright) and exclusive right to trade secrets. Intellectual property law is the law to protect such civil rights. These rights are mainly property rights. Among them, patent right and trademark right are collectively referred to as "industrial property right". They are civil rights that need to be applied for and examined and approved by the administrative department. The exclusive right to copyright and trade secrets comes into being automatically in accordance with the law when the relevant creative activities are completed.

(2) Similarities and differences between intellectual property rights and general civil rights

Like general civil rights, intellectual property rights also have corresponding protected subjects and objects. Inventors, patentees, registered trademark owners, writers, artists, performers and so on are the corresponding subjects. New technical solutions, trademark logos, written works, music, art works, computer software, etc. are the corresponding objects. Here, a considerable part of the subject and object of patent right and exclusive right of trade secret overlap. After the inventor develops a new technical scheme, he can obtain the patent right by applying to the administrative department for a patent and making the invention public, or he can enjoy the actual exclusive right by keeping it secret. That is to say, the owner of the technical scheme can choose the way of patent protection or the way of trade secret protection.

Different from most civil rights, the emergence of intellectual property rights is much later than other civil rights. Engels believed that most civil rights had been basically formed as early as the Roman Empire of slavery. Industrial property rights only came into being in the modern times when commodity economy and market economy developed. Copyright came into being with the development of printing technology, and gradually developed with the development of new technologies such as recording, video recording and broadcasting. Trade secrets are listed as one of the property rights (that is, intellectual property rights), only after the establishment of the World Trade Organization. At the same time, with the development of economy and technology, the content of intellectual property rights and the scope of protected objects are always changing at a faster speed. So far, it is hard to say that they have "formed".

Like tangible property rights, intellectual property rights are also an exclusive right. That is to say, without the permission of the owner of the property right, others can’t use or make use of it.

Different from tangible property rights, firstly, the object of intellectual property rights is "difficult to develop and easy to copy". If a thief steals a car (tangible property) from the parking lot, he can only sell this car at most to get the stolen money, and he is unlikely to copy several more cars to sell. If a thief steals a software from a software development company, he can copy thousands of copies of the same software and sell them quickly, which is enough to bankrupt the software development company. Second, although intellectual property rights and tangible property rights are exclusive rights, the exclusive rights of tangible property can generally be protected by possessing related objects; The object of intellectual property is certain information (for example, invention is new information of practical technology, trademark is information of commodity source, and work is written information, picture information, audio and video information expressed by the author, etc.), so it is difficult to protect information through "possession". Moreover, the object of tangible property and exclusive rights are generally inseparable. Protecting them is relatively simple. The object and exclusive right of intellectual property are often separated, so it is much more difficult to protect them. For example, the painter sold me a painting, which is undoubtedly an object protected by copyright. This object is in my hand, but if I want to print it on a calendar or a book, I still have to get permission from the painter and pay him. The reason is that the "reproduction right" (that is, one of the exclusive rights in copyright) is still in the hands of the painter and has not been transferred to me with the painting.

These differences between intellectual property rights and tangible property rights make it applicable to the "acquisitive prescription" system of tangible property rights, the responsibility of "returning the original thing" that infringes on tangible property rights, etc., and it is difficult to apply to intellectual property rights. Therefore, we say that intellectual property is a special civil right.

(C) knowledge economy and intellectual property rights

It is precisely because of these differences between intellectual property rights and general civil rights and tangible property rights that it is more necessary to improve and constantly revise intellectual property laws than other laws in the civil field.

In the 200-200 years before the end of the 20th century, developed countries focused on the property law (tangible property law) and the contract law for the sale of goods in their traditional civil laws. The reason is that in the industrial economy, the input of tangible assets such as machinery, land and real estate plays a key role. Since the 1980s and 1990s, in line with the development of knowledge economy, developed countries and a number of developing countries (such as Singapore, Philippines, India, etc.) have gradually changed to focus on intellectual property law and e-commerce law in the field of civil legislation. This is not to say that the traditional property law and contract law are no longer needed, but that the focus has shifted. The reason is that intangible assets such as patent inventions, trade secrets and constantly updated computer programs play a key role in the knowledge economy. With the change of production mode, the legislative emphasis in superstructure will inevitably change. A group of developing countries that have not yet completed the process of industrial economy have realized that in the contemporary era, they still rely on "great efforts and sweat" and still focus on the accumulation of tangible assets, and their economic strength will never catch up with developed countries. It is necessary to promote the accumulation of tangible assets by the accumulation of intangible assets (which mainly refers to the development of "independent intellectual property rights") in order to catch up with developed countries.

A group of Chinese enterprises that can really enter the international market and stand firm, such as Haier in the home appliance industry and Lenovo in the computer industry, have done just that. In their words, it is "promoting industrialization through informationization". At the beginning of 2000, Lenovo introduced a new product that was not too cutting-edge-Internet computer, which included more than 40 patents of its own.

Second, China’s intellectual property legal system

(1) Overview

In 1979, after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, China’s patent law, trademark law and copyright law began to be drafted at the same time. In the Criminal Law of 1979, it was forbidden to use another person’s registered trademark falsely, so that the trademark was given the "exclusive right" from then on and became a "civil right arising from the criminal law". By the way, in the long history of China’s relatively developed criminal law and underdeveloped civil law, many civil rights were generated by criminal law and only protected by criminal law.

In 1982, China promulgated the Trademark Law (revised twice in February 1993 and now); In 1984, China promulgated the Patent Law (revised twice in September 1992 and August 2000). In 1986, China promulgated the General Principles of Civil Law, which clearly stipulated the protection of intellectual property rights. In 1990, China promulgated the Copyright Law to protect copyright, and in June 1991, the State Council promulgated the regulations on the protection of computer software. In September 1993, China promulgated the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, and began to expressly protect trade secrets. In March 1997, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of New Plant Varieties. In addition to several separate laws and administrative regulations, China’s Criminal Law, revised in 1997, also contains a special chapter, which stipulates criminal sanctions against those who seriously infringe trademark rights, copyright, trade secrets and counterfeit others’ patents. At this point, the basic laws and regulations in the legal system of intellectual property protection in China have been possessed.

(2) Explanation of several major laws

China’s Trademark Law mainly protects the exclusive right of registered trademark owners. Since 1993, this protection has included commodity trademarks and service trademarks. Although the main purpose of the Trademark Law is to protect the interests of registered trademark owners, this purpose must first be achieved by protecting the interests of consumers. At this point, the Trademark Law, the Consumer Protection Law and the Anti-Unfair Competition Law overlap. This is not surprising, because these three laws mainly regulate the circulation of goods and services in the market. In the process of enforcing the Trademark Law, the administrative department for industry and commerce or the court measures whether an operator has infringed on the exclusive right to use a trademark of others, mainly to see whether the way he uses a trademark deceives or misleads consumers, that is, whether he uses the same or similar logo as a registered trademark of others without permission.

China’s Patent Law protects three different patent rights, namely invention, utility model and design, with the emphasis on invention patent protection. Members deliberated the revised draft of the Patent Law for three times from April to August last year, and I won’t talk much about this law because it is fresh in my memory.

According to the actual situation in our country, for the registered trademark right and patent right, which are two kinds of intellectual property rights produced by administrative approval, both laws stipulate the functions of administrative organs to mediate and deal with infringement disputes and investigate and deal with some illegal activities. Many foreign laws and WTO intellectual property agreements also allow this kind of administrative law enforcement. Such regulations in China are in line with international practice.

China’s Copyright Law first protects written works, but it goes far beyond "works". Music, dance, movies, television, engineering design, maps, computer software, live performances of actors and so on, all intellectual creations that may be copied, that is, copied, pirated or pirated, are also being protected. Reproduction of works in the form of paper, magnetic tape and film tape belongs to carrier reproduction; The reproduction of a work in the form of performance belongs to the reproduction without carrier. Because of this, international treaties and laws of many countries that protect such achievements are called "copyright law". In Chinese law, "copyright" and "copyright" are synonymous. Works whose publication and dissemination are prohibited by law are not protected in China.

What needs to be emphasized here is the difference between "originality" and "originality" (that is, novelty as mentioned in patent law). The first condition for copyright protection of creative achievements is "originality" That is to say, it can’t be copied, copied or otherwise infringed upon the copyright of others, but it must be created by the author. The requirement of originality is different from that of originality. "Originality" does not exclude "coincidence" in creation. For example, Party A and Party B shot the Badaling Great Wall from the same angle. Although Party A shot first and Party B came last, the two photographs are very similar, but they both enjoy their own copyrights. If B didn’t go to the Great Wall to take photos himself, but copied A’s photographic works, it would be "plagiarism" and he would not enjoy his own copyright. It is precisely because copyright protection does not exclude the same works independently created by each other that it is much more difficult for judicial organs and administrative law enforcement organs to determine whether copyright disputes constitute infringement than in the field of patents and trademarks.

For patented inventions, it is precisely required to be "original". The patent system excludes "coincidence" in development. If A applies for a patent first, but B applies for the same invention later, even if B has never been exposed to the development process of A, and it is entirely his own invention, he will never get a patent again. This is the requirement of "novelty" and the principle of "application first" in China’s Patent Law. Because there are many people who make inventions in the same technical field, when different people apply for a patent for the same invention, the patent examination and approval authority is unlikely to judge who actually made an invention first. Therefore, according to the law, it is presumed that the first application should be accepted, and the others are excluded. Therefore, once our enterprise or research unit has a new invention, we should first consider whether it is possible for others to develop the same technical solution in a short time without relying on me. If you think it is possible, you should apply for a patent as soon as possible, so as not to be excluded from the market by others. When our research results are new scientific discoveries, it is necessary to make them known to the media and publicize them as soon as possible in order to gain the recognition of the "right of first discovery" from peers and even the whole world. But when our development or research results belong to practical inventions (that is, new technical solutions), we should first consider applying for patents and occupying the market. At this time, if you are eager to make it public, you may be preempted by others in the patent application, or you may destroy your own novelty, which is not desirable.

We can’t distinguish the different legal status of scientific discovery and practical invention, and we used to pre-empt publicity indiscriminately, which once made us lose a considerable part of the patent achievements that should have belonged to us. Of course, if you believe that others can’t make the same invention independently without relying on yourself, you can choose to protect your own achievements by means of trade secrets without applying for a patent.

For signs that can be registered and thus enjoy trademark rights, the law requires them to be "recognizable". If "milk" is used as the trademark of bagged milk products, consumers will not be able to distinguish this kind of bagged milk from other bagged milk produced by other manufacturers, which is called no recognition. Only by using such recognizable marks as "Sanyuan", "Mengniu" and "Parmalat" can we distinguish the same goods from different manufacturers, which is the main function of trademarks.

Another problem that needs to be emphasized is that for a long time after China promulgated several laws on intellectual property rights, many people paid much less attention to trademarks than other intellectual property rights. In theory, some people think that trademarks only have a symbolic function, and it seems that they are not intellectual property rights. In practice, some people think that creating famous brands is only a matter of high-tech industries, and primary products (such as ore and grain) do not need trademarks at all. In fact, a trademark has been invested with creative intellectual labor since the right holder chooses the logo. Since then, the continuous improvement of trademark reputation mainly depends on the marketing methods of operators, the technical content invested in improving quality and updating products, etc. These are the results of creative labor. Almost without exception, the primary products of developed countries appear in the market with trademarks. Because they all understand that while operating tangible goods, their intangible property-trademarks will continue to increase in value. Once all your tangible goods are lost (such as average, natural disasters and other force majeure, financial crisis and other commercial risks), at least your trademark is still valuable. The boss of "Coca-Cola" company once said that once all the factories and goods of the company in the world were lost in the fire, he could use the trademark of "Coca-Cola" as a pledge the next day and lend money to resume production. Because every year, the "financial world" evaluates the value of "Coca Cola" to tens of billions of dollars. We once had theorists tell people that if an enterprise goes bankrupt, its trademark will be worthless. In fact, after the collapse of the enterprise,There are many examples where trademarks are still quite valuable. For example, in March 1998, Guangzhou Camera Factory closed down, and the evaluation company estimated the "Pearl River" trademark of the factory at 4,000 yuan, which many people still thought was overestimated. At the auction that month, this trademark sold for 395,000 yuan! Obviously, the reputation of an enterprise that has been invested in trademarks by intellectual labor for many years will never be completely lost immediately because of a temporary business mistake (or other unforeseen accidents). It can be seen that it is very important to improve the trademark awareness of Chinese operators (especially operators of a large number of primary products) for the development of China’s economy.

Since 1980, China has successively joined the World Intellectual Property Organization Convention, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the universal copyright convention and other major international intellectual property conventions. China, as a developing country, has made rapid progress in both domestic legislation and international cooperation in intellectual property protection. Both the former Director-General and the current Director-General of the United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization believe that in just over a decade, China has completed the road that developed countries took hundreds of years to complete.

Of course, the current situation of intellectual property protection in China, which has not established a modern intellectual property legal system for a long time, is not optimistic. In particular, it is still a long way to go to crack down on counterfeit trademarks and various piracy activities.

(C) China’s historical contribution to the intellectual property system

Although many modern civil rights protection systems, including intellectual property protection system, are mainly "imported" from abroad after China’s reform and opening up. It should be noted, however, that copyright protection came into being with the invention of printing technology, but it happened in China at first. In the era of copying creative achievements by hand, there will be no such civil right as "copyright". Because it is impossible for replicators to produce mass copies for their own profit through difficult replication activities, there is no need for creators to control such replication activities.

Printing technology developed greatly in Sui and Tang Dynasties in China. Movable type printing was invented in Song Dynasty. Copyright protection originated from the Song Dynasty in China. A large number of ancient books handed down in the Song Dynasty, such as Fang Yu Sheng Lan, Cong Guimao’s Collection of Poems, clearly recorded the local government’s list of "no copying" and "no copying" at that time, which contained activities of "copying for profit", and the obligee could "report, chase people and destroy the edition" and so on. The litigation procedure and tort liability can be clearly seen in the Copyright Act of Britain until 1956. The "copyright marks" left in these ancient books at that time are almost identical to the formal requirements required by universal copyright convention. The Right to prohibit Copying or copying is exactly the same as the concept of "Copy right" that came into being in the West more than 700 years later and is still in use today. However, this kind of protection in the West only gradually developed more than 500 years after the Song Dynasty, when Gutenberg began to use movable type printing in Germany. China’s historical contribution to printing and copyright protection was recognized by UNESCO as early as the early 1980s.

In the mid-1990s, an American professor, citing the existence of piracy in China at that time, asserted that China had never respected the achievements of intellectual creation since ancient times, and pursued the creed that "stealing books is not stealing" since ancient times. At that time, I published an article in English overseas, pointing out that his assertion was a lack of understanding of the history of China, and comprehensively introduced the records in the above-mentioned ancient books of the Song Dynasty. This article was later quoted by many scholars in the intellectual property field abroad (including the United States). They all agree that since copyright protection came into being with the development of printing, it will inevitably appear in China first.

Of course, confirming China’s contribution to intellectual property rights in history is not to prove that everything is perfect now. After all, time has entered the 21st century. The modern intellectual property system that has just been established in China needs to be continuously improved. Now we are revising several laws on intellectual property rights, which is a good proof that we realize this necessity.

Iii. WTO accession and intellectual property protection

(A) the intellectual property system of the World Trade Organization

The agreements of the World Trade Organization mainly adjust three contents: commodity trade, service trade and intellectual property protection. Commodity trade refers to the sale of tangible goods, which is familiar to everyone. In the WTO agreement, trade in services refers to four situations:

1. Cross-border provision (e.g. telecommunications services, network services);

2. Personnel flow (such as labor export);

3. Spending abroad (such as tourism services);

4. Commercial availability (e.g. financial services provided by foreign banks to set up in China).

Just in the two contents of commodity trade and service trade, it is actually full of intellectual property protection issues.

As far as commodity trade is concerned, all commodities from legal channels have their own trademark protection problems. There are copyright protection issues in commodity packaging, decoration design, and advertisements for promoting commodities (including advertising pictures, advertising words, advertising films and so on). New products with smooth sales channels are generally supported by patents or trade secrets. Most goods from illegal channels have problems such as counterfeit trademarks and piracy. In service trade, the protection of service trademarks and the copyright of advertisements for providing services are the same as those in commodity trade. The difference is that in cross-border services, especially in network services, an enterprise advertising in its own country may infringe on the trademark rights enjoyed by foreign enterprises in foreign countries, because the network is characterized by borderlessness, but the trademark rights are characterized by regionality. This kind of special infringement dispute is impossible in the sale of tangible goods.

There are seven intellectual property rights that WTO requires its member countries to protect: copyright, trademark, invention patent, design, geographical indication, semiconductor integrated circuit design and trade secrets. Among them, the design has been included in China’s Patent Law; Geographical indications will be included in the revised Trademark Law, leaving only the protection of semiconductor integrated circuit design, which has not yet been legislated in China. However, because this creative achievement is updated quickly, the infringer has just copied it, and the updated products of others may have been listed, so the copywriter is unprofitable. Therefore, the members of the WTO did not emphasize the issue of this legislation in the negotiations.

(2) Legislative suggestions on intellectual property rights related to China’s entry into WTO

1. Attention should be paid to "foster strengths and avoid weaknesses" in legislation.

As far as our legislature is concerned, in view of China’s accession to the WTO, we should consider making legislation and amending the law so that our intellectual property system does not conflict with the intellectual property agreement of the WTO (that is, the TRIPS Agreement). To do this, we only need to meet the "minimum requirements" of the intellectual property agreement. At this stage, we don’t need to pursue the high level of protection in developed countries. After China’s entry into the WTO, we should consider using feasible suggestions to urge our representatives to continuously increase the contents conducive to China’s economic development in multilateral negotiations. Of course, it is also a positive way for the legislature to start protecting the intellectual property objects that belong to our strong points at home through legislation. Over the years, a number of countries in Asia and Africa have started to protect folk literature and art in their own domestic laws in an effort to incorporate them into international conventions.

In the next round of multilateral negotiations, the WTO will soon discuss the issue of bringing the protection of "biodiversity" and "traditional knowledge" into the scope of intellectual property rights, which should attract our attention. The protection of a large number of animal and plant species (including endangered animals and plants) unique to China but not abroad belongs to the former; The protection of Chinese medicine and Chinese medicine therapy in China, and the protection of folk literature and art in almost all parts of China belong to the latter. These should be said to be China’s strengths, unlike patents and well-known trademarks, which are obviously still China’s weaknesses in the international arena. The purpose of our concern about these issues is to strive to bring them into the scope of international protection of intellectual property rights. Second, once it is included, we should consider how our legislation can keep up immediately. This will help us to "foster strengths and avoid weaknesses" in the international protection of intellectual property rights, so that China’s intellectual property products in the international market may also continue to increase. Since 1996, the export value of products in the core industries of the copyright industry (namely, software industry, film and television industry, etc.) has exceeded the export value of products in agriculture and machine manufacturing (namely, aircraft manufacturing, automobile manufacturing, etc.). The American Intellectual Property Association regards this as an important symbol that the United States has entered the development period of "knowledge economy".

In addition, I feel that the protection of geographical indications already mentioned in the revised draft of the Trademark Law is not enough. France only has a few geographical indications related to wine, so it knows that it will make a big fuss in domestic laws and international conventions and spare no effort to emphasize their protection. After China joined the Paris Convention for the protection of geographical indications in 1985, France asked us to ban the word "champagne" on our own wines because it is the geographical indication of French wines. In China, there are countless world-famous and protectable geographical marks, such as marble, Laiyang pear and Jinhua ham, which are understated in our legislation. Many Italian stones and stone products, and many stone products in Hualien County, Taiwan Province, China, are called "marble" or marble products in the international market. If we want to give full play to the advantages of geographical indications in the international protection of intellectual property rights after China’s entry into WTO and prohibit others from using them casually, we should first highlight the status of these protected objects in our own laws and strengthen their protection.

Never mention intellectual property as if we are all weak points; When it comes to intellectual property protection, it seems that it only protects foreign things; When it comes to China’s accession to the WTO and the revision of laws on intellectual property rights, we only think about what WTO members ask us to revise. In fact, the first thing we should consider is what are our own strengths? Is there enough protection in this respect?

2. Problems in procedural law

The intellectual property agreement of WTO is the first international treaty to make specific provisions on intellectual property procedural law.

However, we still have some obvious deficiencies in the procedures for protecting intellectual property rights. For example, the preservation of evidence before litigation is a requirement of WTO for the enforcement of intellectual property protection. There is no such system in China’s current Civil Procedure Law, and there is no such system in various existing separate laws on intellectual property rights. For another example, anyone should have the right to directly inquire about registered trademarks. However, there is no legal provision for this in China, and it can’t be done in practice. This kind of defects, if we don’t make provisions in the law, then when we encounter specific cases after China’s entry into WTO, other WTO members will raise them.

3. Necessary amendments unrelated to China’s entry into WTO

The need of "joining WTO" is by no means the only reason for us to amend the laws on intellectual property rights. The WTO has not put forward the requirements, but what is really needed in the practice of China’s market economy development should also be added to the law in the revision. For example, when protecting trademark rights, a large number of developed and developing countries have stipulated that "it is forbidden to change trademarks legally marked by others", which is not explicitly required by the WTO. In the process of China’s transition to a market economy, things that disrupt the market by changing other people’s trademarks often happen. Vendors of some foreign enterprises tore off the "Maple Leaf" trademark on high-quality clothing products in China, painted off the "Lighthouse" trademark on high-quality paint product containers, and then put them on the market in foreign trademark. These acts cannot be prohibited and sanctioned according to China’s Trademark Law. This is very unfavorable to the development of China’s market economy, especially to the development of China’s own famous brands. We can completely consider adding legal provisions prohibiting this kind of behavior in the Trademark Law.

(C) improve people’s awareness of intellectual property protection

We have done a lot of work in revising and perfecting the relevant intellectual property laws and strengthening law enforcement. However, there are still some deficiencies in raising people’s awareness of intellectual property protection. For example, I recently heard a law teacher from a famous university tell students that piracy helps to develop China’s economy, and cracking down on piracy protects foreign products. This actually reflects the views of some people. I think, on the contrary, piracy directly hinders the economic development of our country. First, the illegal income of pirates has never been turned over to the state to develop the economy; Moreover, it is impossible to collect taxes on this large amount of illegal income. The tax missed from here is a big loss to the country. Second, the main victims of piracy activities are domestic enterprises. Just taking software piracy as an example, it is the direct reason why China’s own software industry can’t develop. A foreign enterprise like Microsoft, whose products such as Windows software are sold all over the world, can still make money in many countries and the domestic market of the United States by relying on the original English products and the products of "Korean" and "Japanese". However, if the software developed by our own enterprises, such as "Chinese Star" and "Wubi Chinese Characters", has no market in China because of rampant piracy, their foreign markets will be very limited, and these China software enterprises will have to close down. If the piracy of audio-visual products, books and so on is not dealt a strong blow, the result will be the same. Because the market of these Chinese characters and Chinese cultural products is mainly in China.

When Comrade Deng Xiaoping inspected the audio-visual products enterprises in Shenzhen in early 1992, he first asked them: "Has the copyright problem been properly solved?" It can be seen that advocates of socialist market economy are very aware of the importance of intellectual property protection to the development of China’s economy. China’s legislature, judicial and administrative law enforcement agencies, regardless of counterfeiting activities or piracy activities, have always been clear-cut: resolutely crack down according to law.

After China’s entry into WTO, it is the domestic industry, cultural market and commodity market that will bear the brunt of the challenge of intellectual property protection. Therefore, there is still a lot of work to be done in the popularization of intellectual property law in these fields in China. As far as the popularization of intellectual property rights is concerned, the propaganda of "obeying the law" should not be negative, and it should include at least four aspects.

First, don’t infringe, which means that intellectual property issues should be solved before launching new products; If the product contains other people’s intellectual property rights, it must obtain permission.

Second, after China’s entry into WTO, once foreign enterprises sue us for infringement, we should know what room we have for defense. Quite a few enterprises in China do the opposite. Before launching their products, they simply don’t ask whether they involve other people’s patents, copyrights, etc., and they only know how to do it. When someone accused him of infringement, he immediately messed up and admitted that he was wrong without analysis. Recently, a domestic enterprise came to me and said that a foreign company sued him for infringing foreign patents. What should I do? I said what are you panicking about? If your products are not exported, it is impossible to infringe on "foreign patents" without exporting, because patents are regional. He applied for an American patent, and it is impossible for you to infringe the "American patent" by operating in China; If he only obtained the American patent abroad, it is impossible for you to infringe it by exporting to Japan. Even if he gets a patent in China, do you want to see if their patent protection period expires? Because patents have "statutory timeliness", such as microwave ovens and car seat belts, they were all patented products, but the protection period has already passed. Although many manufacturers are still manufacturing and selling today, it is impossible to infringe the original patent right. Even if the patent has not expired, it depends on whether the patent has expired due to reasons such as not paying the annual patent fee. Even if the above defenses are not established, do you still have to carefully analyze whether all your products fall into the "claim" of its patent? Because patents are not like copyrights and trademarks, there is no "partial infringement". If your product only contains some technical features of his patents, but not all of them, it still cannot be regarded as infringement.Kodak Company of the United States was sued for infringing others’ patents on photosensitive technology, and fought for nine years before it was finally found to be infringing. How can our enterprise "surrender without a fight" as soon as others sue for infringement?

Third, whether at home or abroad, the intellectual property rights already enjoyed by Chinese enterprises and individuals may also be infringed by others. We should pay attention to safeguarding our intellectual property rights according to law. Raising awareness of law-abiding or intellectual property rights is not only for infringers, but also for intellectual property rights holders in China.

Fourth, and most importantly, we should encourage Chinese people to actively develop the fruits that enjoy our independent intellectual property rights. Before the Patent Law was promulgated in China, Yuan Longping applied for the patent of hybrid rice breeding technology in the United States and Australia. In recent years, Sinopec has applied for many patents of certain chemical technologies in many countries around the world, and initially established its own "market protection circle", so that foreign enterprises who want to enter this circle to manufacture and sell related chemical products must obtain permission from Sinopec. Well-known trademarks such as Haier and Lenovo have also begun to break through national boundaries and gain international recognition. These are typical "independent intellectual property rights".

In order to develop China’s economy, we can’t refuse to introduce other people’s innovative achievements. But what we can finally rely on is the innovative spirit of our people. Giving intellectual property protection to innovation achievements is the most effective encouragement to carry forward the spirit of innovation.

China, which has contributed four great inventions to the world and was once the birthplace of copyright protection, will certainly be able to provide more and better innovations to mankind in the new millennium and new century!

(The author is a member of the Law Committee and a researcher at the Institute of Law of the Academy of Social Sciences.)

(28 February 2001)

 

Comics/Bin Chen

　　Recently, a paper published seven years ago in the Chinese core journal Glacier and Frozen Soil has aroused public concern. In the process of discussing eco-economics, the author enumerates the examples of the tutor couple, and then expounds "the noble feeling of the tutor and the beautiful feeling of the teacher’s mother" In this regard, "Glacier Frozen Soil" issued a statement on the 12 th, saying that it attached great importance to the situation and decided to withdraw the article. The staff of the journal revealed that several other papers published by the author in the journal Glacier and Frozen Soil will also be retracted.

　　In recent years, it is not uncommon for some academic journals to publish "water injection" papers and plagiarize papers. However, like these two papers in Glacier Frozen Soil, the topic is "Theory and Practice of Integrated Framework of Ecological Economics", but almost all of them praise the glorious deeds and noble character of the mentor and Jenny, plus various life feelings, which is rare. It is no exaggeration that such a paper is called "God’s Paper" by netizens.

　　"Mentor Shanghainese, the name of Guodong is real, holding an eternal sword, learning to drive the clouds; The teacher’s mother, Cixi, is as beautiful as jade, guarding the lotus sword and dancing in the kitchen. " Such content can be published as a professional paper in Chinese core journals, which undoubtedly seriously desecrates the seriousness of academic journals. After being exposed by the internet, it is undoubtedly necessary for the journal to withdraw the papers. However, for the academic circles, the paper "On the noble feelings of teachers and the graceful feelings of teachers and mothers" should not be viewed only as a joke, nor should it be simply regarded as the author’s "academic misconduct".

　　This kind of spoof or kitsch has precedent before. It is reported that some foreign scholars have concocted several "nonsense" papers with a paper generator, and submitted them to journals such as Computer Intelligence and Nanotechnology with the characters in cartoons as the authors, but the results were accepted and published. Another neuroscientist seriously wrote a paper on the theory of "fibrinogen" in "Star Wars", and four journals actually fell for it. The above-mentioned "God’s Thesis" published in Glacier Frozen Soil has a complete structure, abstracts and references, and there are specially made charts in it, which are similar to the "Doctor’s Thesis on Braised Pork" circulating on the Internet. If the author didn’t mean to "spoof", it is difficult to understand why he spent his energy writing such a thousand-word thesis.

　　However, it is somewhat different from the "doctoral thesis on braised pork" and the "spoof" papers written by foreign scientists. The authors of these two papers in Glacier Frozen Soil did not just write funny papers to amuse themselves on the Internet, nor did they submit them to completely unfamiliar journals. The "tutor" mentioned in the article is the main programmer of the journal. There are only two explanations for the editor-in-chief to publish papers about his lofty sense and his teacher’s mother’s beauty: first, Cheng Moumou is "useful" in praising and touting his articles; Second, it is entirely up to him to decide what articles to publish. Journals are his personal "turf", and no matter what aspects they reflect, they are absurd.

　　The above-mentioned "Shen Thesis" was published in 2013, and it was only exposed by netizens after six or seven years, indicating that few people may read the "academic papers" in our professional journals. In recent years, universities and scientific research institutions at all levels have attached great importance to papers, such as requiring graduate students to publish several papers before graduation, how many papers must be published by teaching and scientific research personnel every year, and introducing high-tech means to check the papers. According to relevant statistics, in 2016, the number of papers published by China scholars has jumped to the top in the world, with 420,000 papers published that year. And among so many papers, how many are "junk papers" or even "divine papers" is unknown.

　　I hope that the paper on "the noble feeling of teachers and the graceful feeling of teachers and mothers" can be an opportunity to attract the attention of relevant parties and rectify the chaos in academic circles. (Li Qing)